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Table 6 Risk factors associated with CKD.

From: High prevalence of undiagnosed chronic kidney disease among at-risk population in Kinshasa, the Democratic Republic of Congo

Determinants

OR

(univariate analysis)

CI 95%

P

OR

(multivariate analysis)

CI 95%

P

CKD stage ≥ 3

      

HTN versus no

2.9

1.9 – 4.6

0.001

3.3

1.7 – 6.5

0.001

Pulse pressure > 60 versus < 60 mmHg

2.0

1.3–3.2

0.001

1.09

0.6 – 1.8

0.7

Age ≥ 50 versus <50 years

1.8

1.2–2.7

0.002

1.5

0.9–2.4

0.08

DM versus no

1.5

1.04–2.3

0.04

2.0

1.1–3.8

0.01

Dipstick proteinuria ≥ 1+ versus 0

2.9

1.7–5.1

< 0.0001

2.0

1.1–3.6

0.02

Herbal remedy use versus no

1.7

1.03–2.7

0.002

1.2

0.7–1.9

0.3

24 h- quantitative proteinuria (≥ 300 mg/24 h)

      

Pulse pressure > 60 versus < 60 mmHg

2.4

1.5–3.9

< 0.0001

1.8

1.03 – 3.2

0.03

HTN versus no

1.7

1.1–2.8

0.01

1.2

0.7 – 2.2

0.4

DM versus no

1.7

1.05–2.8

0.03

1.4

0.8–2.4

0.1

  1. Abbreviations: CKD 3+ (eGFR < 60 ml/min/1.73 m2), CKD = chronic kidney disease, CI = confidence interval, DM = diabetes, HTN= hypertension.