Table 1 Clinical characteristics of cases and controls: Established versus incipient AKI cases, and ICU versus healthy controls
| AKI | Controls | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| P < 0.05 (*) | Established | Incipient (early, ICU) | ICU |
Healthy (non-hospital) | |
| Characteristics | n = 20 | n = 11 | n = 44 | n = 38 | |
| Age, years | * | 48.8 ± 3.5 | 68.1 ± 3.8 | 52.9 ± 2.3 | 46.3 ± 1.5 |
| Sex (male/female) | 15/5 | 5/6 | 26/18 | 28/10 | |
| Ethnicity, n | * | ||||
| White | 11 | 5 | 28 | 20 | |
| Black | 3 | 4 | 8 | 6 | |
| Hispanic | 5 | 0 | 7 | 6 | |
| Other | 1 | 2 | 1 | 6 | |
| Lab findings at enrollment | |||||
| sCr, mg/dl | * | 2.67 ± 0.43 | 1.29 ± 0.12 | 0.81 ± 0.05 | 0.9 ± 0.04 |
| eGFR, ml/min | * | 44.4 ± 7.3 | 60.9 ± 5.7 | 98.2 ± 4.9 | 97.5 ± 3.5 |
| uCr/sCr, ratio | * | 42.4 ± 7.2 | 83.3 ± 18.1 | 106.6 ± 18.3 | 119.6 ± 5.2 |
|
Urine kallikrein (U/gm creatinine) | * | 6.74 ± 1.92 | 1.17 ± 0.16 | 2.04 ± 0.47 | 0.63 ± 0.08 |
| Vital signs at enrollment | |||||
| Systolic BP, mmHg | 0.08 | 119.8 ± 4.4 | 126.9 ± 8.7 | 124.3 ± 3.4 | 131.4 ± 1.7 |
| Diastolic BP, mmHg | * | 70.7 ± 3.4 | 61.8 ± 5.1 | 68.6 ± 2.3 | 74.7 ± 1.5 |
| Heart rate, beats/min | * | 89.3 ± 3.6 | 86.5 ± 7.4 | 81.3 ± 2.4 | 68.0 ± 1.6 |
| Co-morbid conditions (Y/N) | |||||
| Diabetes mellitus | 6/14 | 6/5 | 12/32 | 0/38 | |
| Hypertension | * | 10/10 | 8/3 | 20/22 | 8/30 |
| Coronary artery disease | 1/19 | 4/7 | 10/34 | 0/38 | |
| Congestive heart failure | * | 0/20 | 3/8 | 4/40 | 0/38 |
| Chronic liver disease | * | 6/14 | 0/11 | 4/40 | 0/38 |
| Chronic lung disease | * | 4/16 | 3/8 | 7/37 | 0/38 |
| Chronic kidney disease | * | 8/12 | 3/8 | 1/43 | 0/38 |
| HIV positive | 2/18 | 0/11 | 3/41 | 0/38 | |
| Malignancy | 3/17 | 1/10 | 12/32 | 0/38 | |
| Smoker | * | 8/12 | 3/8 | 16/28 | 4/34 |
| Primary treating service, n | |||||
| Medical/Surgical | 14/6 | 11/0 | 34/10 | - | |
| Other characteristics while hospitalized (Y/N) | |||||
| ICU admission | * | 13/7 | 11/0 | 44/0 | - |
| Ventilator at enrollment | 5/15 | 3/8 | 13/31 | - | |
| Pressor infusions | * | 3/17 | 9/2 | 12/32 | - |
| Norepinephrine | * | 2/18 | 8/3 | 11/33 | - |
| Epinephrine + dopamine | * | 1/19 | 9/2 | 12/32 | - |
| Diuretics at enrollment | * | 3/17 | 5/6 | 2/42 | - |
| AKI outcomes | |||||
| Required dialysis for AKI | 3/17 | 1/10 | - | - | |
| Recovery from AKI | * | 17/3 | 11/0 | - | - |
|
Remained dialysis- dependent at follow-up | 1/19 | 0/11 | - | - | |
| Final eGFR at follow-up | 66.5 ± 8.0 | 76.6 ± 5.5 | - | - | |
| eGFR Δ at follow-up | +16.5 ± 2.2 | +22.2 ± 5.4 | - | - | |
| sCr Δ at follow-up | 0.08 | -1.0 ± 0.3 | -0.25 ± 0.05 | - | - |
