Renal kallikrein excretion and epigenetics in human acute kidney injury: Expression, mechanisms and consequences

Sun Woo Kang; Pei-an Betty Shih; Roy O Mathew; Manjula Mahata; Nilima Biswas; Fangwen Rao; Liying Yan; Josee Bouchard; Rakesh Malhotra; Ashita Tolwani; Srikrishna Khandrika; Ravindra L Mehta; Daniel T O'Connor

doi:10.1186/1471-2369-12-27

BMC Nephrology

Table 1 Clinical characteristics of cases and controls: Established versus incipient AKI cases, and ICU versus healthy controls

From: Renal kallikrein excretion and epigenetics in human acute kidney injury: Expression, mechanisms and consequences

		AKI		Controls
	P < 0.05 (*)	Established	Incipient (early, ICU)	ICU	Healthy (non-hospital)
Characteristics		n = 20	n = 11	n = 44	n = 38
Age, years	*	48.8 ± 3.5	68.1 ± 3.8	52.9 ± 2.3	46.3 ± 1.5
Sex (male/female)		15/5	5/6	26/18	28/10
Ethnicity, n	*
White		11	5	28	20
Black		3	4	8	6
Hispanic		5	0	7	6
Other		1	2	1	6
Lab findings at enrollment
sCr, mg/dl	*	2.67 ± 0.43	1.29 ± 0.12	0.81 ± 0.05	0.9 ± 0.04
eGFR, ml/min	*	44.4 ± 7.3	60.9 ± 5.7	98.2 ± 4.9	97.5 ± 3.5
uCr/sCr, ratio	*	42.4 ± 7.2	83.3 ± 18.1	106.6 ± 18.3	119.6 ± 5.2
Urine kallikrein (U/gm creatinine)	*	6.74 ± 1.92	1.17 ± 0.16	2.04 ± 0.47	0.63 ± 0.08
Vital signs at enrollment
Systolic BP, mmHg	0.08	119.8 ± 4.4	126.9 ± 8.7	124.3 ± 3.4	131.4 ± 1.7
Diastolic BP, mmHg	*	70.7 ± 3.4	61.8 ± 5.1	68.6 ± 2.3	74.7 ± 1.5
Heart rate, beats/min	*	89.3 ± 3.6	86.5 ± 7.4	81.3 ± 2.4	68.0 ± 1.6
Co-morbid conditions (Y/N)
Diabetes mellitus		6/14	6/5	12/32	0/38
Hypertension	*	10/10	8/3	20/22	8/30
Coronary artery disease		1/19	4/7	10/34	0/38
Congestive heart failure	*	0/20	3/8	4/40	0/38
Chronic liver disease	*	6/14	0/11	4/40	0/38
Chronic lung disease	*	4/16	3/8	7/37	0/38
Chronic kidney disease	*	8/12	3/8	1/43	0/38
HIV positive		2/18	0/11	3/41	0/38
Malignancy		3/17	1/10	12/32	0/38
Smoker	*	8/12	3/8	16/28	4/34
Primary treating service, n
Medical/Surgical		14/6	11/0	34/10	-
Other characteristics while hospitalized (Y/N)
ICU admission	*	13/7	11/0	44/0	-
Ventilator at enrollment		5/15	3/8	13/31	-
Pressor infusions	*	3/17	9/2	12/32	-
Norepinephrine	*	2/18	8/3	11/33	-
Epinephrine + dopamine	*	1/19	9/2	12/32	-
Diuretics at enrollment	*	3/17	5/6	2/42	-
AKI outcomes
Required dialysis for AKI		3/17	1/10	-	-
Recovery from AKI	*	17/3	11/0	-	-
Remained dialysis- dependent at follow-up		1/19	0/11	-	-
Final eGFR at follow-up		66.5 ± 8.0	76.6 ± 5.5	-	-
eGFR Δ at follow-up		+16.5 ± 2.2	+22.2 ± 5.4	-	-
sCr Δ at follow-up	0.08	-1.0 ± 0.3	-0.25 ± 0.05	-	-

ICU = intensive care unit, AKI = acute kidney injury, n = number of study subjects, BMI = body mass index, s = serum, u = urine, Cr = creatinine, FeNa⁺ = fractional excretion of sodium, SBP = systolic blood pressure, DBP = diastolic blood pressure, HR = heart rate, bpm = beats per minute. Δ = change at discharge (from initial value). *P values calculated with Fisher's exact test for categorical variables and ANOVA (log-transformed and covariates adjusted: age, sex) for continuous variables. *: Symbol indicates P ≤ 0.05 comparing across all available groups. Recovery of renal function was the primary outcome, defined as a return to within 10% of baseline eGFR or lowest eGFR prior to AKI event. Plus-minus values are mean ± SEM.

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