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Table 2 Mechanistic studies: Characteristics of the AKI study subjects versus healthy controls

From: Renal kallikrein excretion and epigenetics in human acute kidney injury: Expression, mechanisms and consequences

Characteristics

Established AKI patients (n = 20)

Healthy controls (n = 38)

P value*

Age, years

48.8 ± 3.5

46.3 ± 1.5

0.52

Sex (male/female), n

15/5

30/8

1

Ethnicity, n

  

0.6

   White

11

20

 

   Black

3

6

 

   Hispanic

5

6

 

   Other

1

6

 

Weight, kg

91.2 ± 6.2

93.9 ± 3.7

0.293

BMI, kg/m 2

31.1 ± 2.2

27.8 ± 1

0.177

Laboratory findings at enrollment

   

   sCr, mg/dl

2.7 ± 0.47

0.9 ± 0.04

0.0007

   eGFR, ml/min

44.4 ± 7.5

97.5 ± 3.6

< 0.0001

   uNa+/uCr, mEq/gm

127.6 ± 22.5

125.4 ± 9.4

0.347

   uCr/sCr, ratio

42.4 ± 7.2

119.6 ± 11.4

< 0.0001

   FeNa+, %

1.7 ± 0.4

0.8 ± 0.1

0.05

Vital signs at enrollment

   

   Systolic BP, mmHg

119.8 ± 4.4

131.4 ± 1.7

0.02

   Diastolic BP, mmHg

70.7 ± 3.4

74.7 ± 1.5

0.3

   Heart rate, beats/min

89.3 ± 3.6

68.0 ± 1.6

< 0.0001

Contributing causes to AKI, n (with urine KLK1 activity excretion, U/gm creatinine, mean ± SEM)

  

0.83

   Ischemia

7 (6.0 ± 3.7)

-

-

   Nephrotoxins

4 (7.2 ± 3.9)

-

-

   Septic

1 (4.6)

-

-

   Multifactorial causes/other

8 (7.6 ± 2.9)

-

-

  1. AKI = acute kidney injury, n = number of study subjects, BMI = body mass index, s = serum, u = urine, Cr = creatinine, FeNa+ = fractional excretion of sodium, SBP = systolic blood pressure, DBP = diastolic blood pressure, HR = heart rate, bpm = beats per minute, ICU = intensive care unit. *P values were calculated with Fisher's exact test for categorical variables, and ANOVA (log-transformed, adjusted for covariates: age, sex) for continuous variables. Plus-minus values are mean ± one SEM. Bold: p ≤ 0.05.