Table 1 Clinical characteristics of study subjects
| Â | CKD | Non-CKD | Total |
|---|---|---|---|
| Â | (n = 546) | (n = 2,777) | (n = 3,323) |
Age (years) | 60.6 ± 7.2 | 55.9 ± 8.7 | 56.7 ± 8.6 |
Male | 252(46.2%) | 1,364(49.1%) | 1,616(48.6%) |
Body mass index | 23.5 ± 3.1 | 23.4 ± 3.3 | 23.4 ± 3.3 |
Hypertension | 245(44.9%) | 1,050(37.8%) | 1,295(39.0%) |
   Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 130.5 ± 19.8 | 128.1 ± 19.3 | 128.5 ± 19.4 |
   Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 79.1 ± 12.4 | 78.6 ± 11.9 | 78.7 ± 12.0 |
   Anti-hypertensive medication | 146(26.7%) | 503(18.1%) | 649(19.5%) |
Diabetes mellitus | 54(9.9%) | 220(7.9%) | 274(8.2%) |
   Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/l) | 5.49 ± 1.23 | 5.55 ± 1.17 | 5.54 ± 1.17 |
   HbA1c (%) | 5.22 ± 0.69 | 5.22 ± 0.66 | 5.22 ± 0.67 |
   Glucose-lowering medication | 28(5.1%) | 117(4.2%) | 145(4.4%) |
Cardiovascular diseases | 34(6.2%) | 80(2.9%) | 114(3.4%) |
Total cholesterol (mmol/l) | 5.66 ± 0.88 | 5.46 ± 0.83 | 5.50 ± 0.88 |
HDL cholesterol (mmol/l) | 1.60 ± 0.41 | 1.64 ± 0.42 | 1.63 ± 0.42 |
Lipid-lowering medication | 68(12.5%) | 233(8.4%) | 301(9.1%) |
Uric acid (μmol/l) | 333 ± 89 | 303 ± 77 | 309 ± 83 |
Current smokers | 68(12.5%) | 495(17.8%) | 563(16.9%) |