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Table 1 Characteristics of Hindustani-Surinamese, African-Surinamese and Dutch participants

From: Ethnic differences in the association between waist-to-height ratio and albumin-creatinine ratio: the observational SUNSET study

Men

   
 

Hindustani-Surinamese, N = 147

African-Surinamese, >N = 191

Dutch, N = 243

Mean age (years)

44.5 (43.4-45.6)*

44.0 (43.2-44.9)*

48.0 (47.1-48.8)

Highest level of education (%)

   

Primary or less

43 (29.7)*

15 (8.0)*

20 (8.4)

Secondary

61 (42.1)

93 (49.5)

52 (21.9)

Lower vocational

27 (18.6)

49 (26.1)

69 (29.0)

Higher vocational or more

14 (9.7)

31 (16.5)

97 (40.8)

Smoking (current)

78 (53.1)

111 (58.7)*

109 (45.2)

Physical activity (%)

89 (60.5)

107 (56.0)

160 (65.8)

Body mass index (kg/m2)

26.4 (25.5-27.2)

26.3 (25.7-26.9)

26.2 (25.7-26.8)

Type 2 diabetes (%)

37 (25.3)*

23 (12.1)

19 (8.0)

Hypertension (%)

52 (36.4)

81 (42.9)

86 (35.4)

Mean waist-to-height ratio

0.56 (0.55-0.57)*

0.52 (0.51-0.53)*

0.53 (0.52-0.54)

- Waist-to-height ratio >0.50 (%)

117 (79.6)*

98 (51.3)*

155 (63.8)

- Mean waist circumference (m)

0.95 (0.93-0.97)

0.91 (0.89-0.92)*

0.96 (0.94-0.97)

- Mean height (m)

1.70 (1.69-1.71)*

1.75 (1.74-1.76)*

1.80 (1.79-1.81)

Median ACR (mg/mmol)

0.36 (0.20-0.91)*

0.26 (0.16-0.47)

0.24 (0.16-0.45)

- Albuminuria (%)

15 (10.2)

11 (5.8)

12 (5.0)

Mean logACR

−0.70 (−0.89- -0.51)*

−1.11 (−1.31- -0.92)

−1.34 (−1.50- -1.17)

Women

   
 

Hindustani-Surinamese,

N = 187

African-Surinamese ,

N = 398

Dutch,

N = 250

Mean age (years)

45.0 (44.1-46.0)*

43.5 (43.0-44.1)*

48.0 (46.7-48.4)

Highest level of education (%)

   

Primary or less

44 (24.0)*

26 (6.6)*

21 (8.4)

Secondary

82 (44.8)

148 (37.6)

74 (29.7)

Lower vocational

39 (21.3)

135 (34.3)

71 (28.5)

Higher vocational or more

18 (9.8)

85 (21.6)

83 (33.3)

Smoking (current)

42 (22.8)*

124 (31.7)*

1109 (44.0)

Physical activity- ≥30 minutes, 5 times/week (%)

82 (44.1)*

226 (56.8)

155 (62.0)

Body mass index (kg/m2)

27.8 (27.0-28.5)*

29.0 (29.0-30.1)*

26.1 (25.4-26.7)

Type 2 diabetes (%)

49 (26.5)*

51 (12.9)*

14 (5.9)

Hypertension (%)

61 (33.0)*

137 (34.8)*

42 (16.8)

Mean waist-to-height ratio

0.60 (0.59-0.61)*

0.58 (0.57-0.59)*

0.53 (0.52-0.53)

- Waist-to-height ratio >0.50 (%)

163 (87.2)*

323 (81.2)*

135 (54.0)

- Mean waist circumference (m)

0.94 (0.92-0.96)*

0.95 (0.94-0.97)*

0.88 (0.86-0.90)

- Mean height (m)

1.58 (1.57-1.59)*

1.63 (1.62-1.63)*

1.67 (1.67-1.68)

Median ACR (mg/mmol)

0.48 (0.30-0.97)*

0.40 (0.24-0.76)*

0.34 (0.20-0.59)

- Albuminuria (%)

13 (6.9)*

27 (6.8)*

4 (1.6)

Mean logACR

−0.65 (−0.89- -0.42)*

−0.70 (−0.84- -0.56)*

−1.12 (−1.27- -0.97)

  1. Data are median (IQR), mean (95%-confidence interval) or N (%). Bold = difference between ethnic groups p ≤ 0.05 (Chi-square tests for categorical data and analysis of variance or Kruskal-Wallis tests for continuous measures), * Significantly different from Dutch (post hoc test) ACR = albumin-creatinine ratio, logACR = log albumin-creatinine ratio, Albuminuria = ACR 2.5-30 mg/mmol for men and 3.5-30 mg/mmol for women (microalbuminuria), or ACR ≥ 30 mg/mmol (macroalbuminuria). Education: Primary or less = 6 years or less, Secondary = 10 years, Lower vocational = 11–12 years, Higher vocational or more = ≥15 years. Physical activity = at least ≥30 minutes, 5 times/week.
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BMC Nephrology

ISSN: 1471-2369

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