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Table 3 Relationships between different domains of knowledge and demographics as well as clinical characteristics in both bivariate analysis and multiple logistic regression

From: Limited knowledge of chronic kidney disease among primary care patients – a cross-sectional survey

 

Anatomy (n = 1498)

Physiology (n = 1497)

Etiology (n = 1499)

 

[How many healthy kidney(s) does a personneed to lead a normal life?]

[What is the function of a kidney in a human body?]

[What can cause kidney disease?]

 

Correct

Incorrect

OR (95% CI)

Correct

Incorrect

OR (95% CI)

Correct

Incorrect

OR (95% CI)

Frequency (%)

611 (40.8)

887

 

1234 (82.4)

263

 

767 (51.2)

732

 

Age: mean(SD), year

46.6 (14.9) **

50.6 (15.1)

 

48.4 (14.9)^

51.2 (15.9)

 

46.1 (14.6)**

51.9 (15.2)

 

Gender, freq (%)

         

 Male

324 (43.1)

428 (56.9)

 

620 (82.6)

131 (17.4)

 

378 (50.3)

373 (49.7)

 

 Female

285 (38.7)

452 (61.3)

 

608 (82.5)

129 (17.5)

 

386 (52.3)

352 (47.7)

 

Ethnicity, freq (%)

         

 Chinese

465(44.0)

591 (56.0)

 

907 (86.0)

148 (14.0)

 

557 (52.6)

502 (47.4)

 

 Malay

70 (28.5)

176 (71.5)

 

177 (71.4)**

71 (28.6)

 

125 (51.4)

118 (48.6)

 

 Indian

55 (37.2)**

93 (62.8)

 

114 (77.0)

34 (23.0)

 

61 (40.9)

88 (59.1)

 

 Others

21 (46.7)

24 (53.3)

 

34 (79.1)

9 (20.9)

 

24 (54.5)

20 (45.5)

 

Citizenship, freq (%)

         

 Singaporean

577 (41.4)

818 (58.6)

 

1152 (82.6)

242 (17.4)

 

724 (52.0)

669 (48.0)

 

 Others (Permanent Residents and Foreigners)

32 (33.3)

64 (66.7)

 

77 (80.2)

19 (19.8)

 

41 (41.8)

57 (58.2)

 

Education, freq (%)

         

 Up to primary

84 (26.0)**

239 (74.0)

0.4 (0.3-0.6)

214 (66.3)**

109 (33.7)

0.2 (0.1-0.4)

114 (35.3)**

209 (64.7)

0.4 (0.3-0.6)

 Secondary

213 (34.6)

403 (65.4)

0.6 (0.4-0.8)

509 (82.8)

106 (17.2)

0.5 (0.3-0.8)

298 (48.3)

319 (51.7)

0.7 (0.5-0.9)

 Above Secondary

313 (56.8)

238 (43.2)

Reference

506 (91.8)

45 (8.2)

Reference

352 (64.0)

198 (36.0)

Reference

Occupation, freq (%)

         

 Professional & Exec

148 (63.2)

86 (36.8)

Reference

208 (89.3)

25 (10.7)

 

159 (67.7)

76 (32.3)

 

 Non-professional

460 (36.8)**

790 (63.2)

0.6 (0.5-0.9)

1015 (81.2)*

235 (18.8)

 

602 (48.2)**

647 (51.8)

 

Income (SGD), freq (%)

         

 <$2000

233 (32.0)**

495(68.0)

0.6 (0.4-0.9)

727 (77.6)**

163 (22.4)

 

340 (46.6)**

389 (58.4)

 

 $2000-$4999

232 (48.7)

244 (51.3)

0.8 (0.6-1.2)

417 (87.6)

59 (12.4)

 

261 (54.9)

214 (45.1)

 

 > = $5000

113 (61.1)

72 (38.9)

Reference

171 (92.9)

13 (7.1)

 

122 (65.9)

63 (34.1)

 

Having Children, freq (%)

         

 Yes

425 (39.0)*

661 (61.0)

 

896 (82.4)

192 (17.6)

 

534 (49.0)^

556 (51.0)

 

 No

154 (47.2)

172 (52.8)

 

266 (81.6)

60 (18.4)

 

184 (56.6)

141 (43.4)

 

Having comorbidity, freq (%)

         

 Yes

245 (40.3)

363 (59.7)

 

499 (81.9)

110 (18.1)

 

282 (46.5)*

325 (53.5)

 

 No

332 (42.0)

459 (58.0)

 

651 (82.4)

139 (17.6)

 

430 (54.2)

363 (45.8)

 

Religion, freq (%)

         

 Buddhism

182 (38.8)

287 (61.2)

 

387 (82.7)

81 (17.3)

 

243 (51.7)

227 (48.3)

 

 Christianity

148(49.8)

149 (50.2)

 

272 (91.9)

24 (8.1)

 

162 (54.4)

136 (45.6)

 

 Islam

94 (30.1)**

218 (69.9)

 

226 (72.0)**

88 (28.0)

 

156 (50.3)

154 (49.7)

 

 Others

185 (44.8)

228 (55.2)

 

343 (83.3)

69 (16.7)

 

203 (49.0)

211 (51.0)

 

Age group, freq (%)

         

 < 40 years

207 (50.6)

202 (49.4)

 

344 (84.1)

65 (15.9)

 

257 (63.0)

151 (37.0)

Reference

 40 – 60 years

284 (39.0)

444 (61.0)

 

612 (84.1)

116 (15.9)

 

369 (50.5)

362 (49.5)

0.7 (0.6-1.0)

 > 60 years

119 (33.2)**

239 (66.8)

 

277 (77.6)^

80 (22.4)

 

140 (39.3)**

216 (60.7)

0.6 (0.4-0.9)

Marital status, freq (%)

         

 Married

433 (39.1)

675 (60.9)

 

923 (83.3)

185 (16.7)

 

545 (49.2)^

562 (50.8)

 

 Single

142 (46.9)

161 (53.1)

 

252 (83.2)

51 (16.8)

 

178 (58.6)

126 (41.4)

 

 Divorced/ Separated /Widowed

35 (41.7)

49 (58.3)

 

57 (68.7)**

26 (31.3)

 

43 (51.2)

41 (48.8)

 
  1. OR Odds ratio, CI confidence interval, SD standard deviation.
  2. OR derived from multiple logistic regression (MLR) after adjusting for potential confounders. MLR is performed using dependent variables as knowledge and independent variables that are significantly associated with knowledge in bivariate analysis. [**p < 0.001, *p < 0.01, ^p < 0.05: These p-values are derived from bivariate analysis].