Table 1 Descriptive statistics of subjects in case and control groups

Gender

<0.001

 Male

44,695

(53.75)

12,314

(59.23)

1.25

 Female(ref)

38,465

(46.25)

8,476

(40.77)

Age

<0.001

 0-18 years old (ref)

15,065

(18.12)

174

(0.84)

 19-64 years old

39,199

(47.14)

6,607

(31.78)

14.57

 65-79 years old

19,684

(23.67)

8,032

(38.63)

35.28

 Over 80 years old

9,212

(11.08)

5,977

(28.75)

56.10

Hospital accreditation status

N.A

 Medical center

33,544

(40.34)

8,386

(40.34)

 Regional hospital

35,240

(42.38)

8,810

(42.38)

 Community hospital

14,376

(17.29)

3,594

(17.29)

Duration of polypharmacy

<0.001

 Less than 30 days(ref)

40,408

(48.59)

4,069

(19.57)

 31-90 days

13,867

(16.68)

2,925

(14.07)

2.09

 91-180 days

8,823

(10.61)

3,355

(16.14)

3.78

 Over 181 days

20,062

(24.12)

10,441

(50.22)

5.17

ICU

<0.001

Yes

9,454

(11.37)

9,768

(46.98)

6.91

NSAID_S or Triamterene day*

4.78

(17.23)

8.10

(22.61)

1.01

<0.001

Comorbidity**

ASHD

12,387

(14.90)

5,730

(27.56)

2.17

<0.001

CHF

5,876

(7.07)

4,711

(22.66)

3.85

<0.001

CVA/TIA

9,181

(11.04)

5,289

(25.44)

2.75

<0.001

PVD

2,946

(3.54)

1,578

(7.59)

2.24

<0.001

Other cardiac

5,641

(6.78)

2,538

(12.21)

1.91

<0.001

COPD

14,477

(17.41)

5,605

(26.96)

1.75

<0.001

GI

14,191

(17.06)

6,788

(32.65)

2.36

<0.001

Liver disease

10,338

(12.43)

3,998

(19.23)

1.68

<0.001

Dysrhythmia

5,783

(6.95)

3,952

(14.20)

2.21

<0.001

Cancer

7,718

(9.28)

3,989

(19.19)

2.32

<0.001

Diabetes

16,390

(19.71)

8,396

(40.38)

2.76

<0.001

Site of operation

Nervous system

1,564

(1.88)

285

(1.37)

0.73

<0.001

Endocrine system

1,168

(1.40)

16

(0.08)

0.05

<0.001

Eyes

178

(0.21)

42

(0.20)

0.95

0.736

Ears

79

(0.09)

6

(0.03)

0.30

0.003

Nose, mouth and pharynx

668

(0.80)

67

(0.32)

0.40

<0.001

Respiratory system

4,023

(4.84)

1,902

(9.15)

1.98

<0.001

Cardiovascular system

7,465

(8.89)

5,165

(24.84)

3.35

<0.001

Hemic and lymphatic system

841

(1.01)

265

(1.27)

1.26

0.001

Digestive system

11,578

(13.92)

4,471

(21.51)

1.69

<0.001

Urinary system

8,805

(10.59)

1,286

(6.19)

0.56

<0.001

Male genital organs

71

(0.09)

4

(0.02)

0.23

0.002

Female genital organs

164

(0.20)

1

(0.00)

0.03

<0.001

Obstetrical procedures

0

(0.00)

0

(0.00)

-

-

Musculoskeletal system

2,933

(3.53)

508

(2.44)

0.69

<0.001

Integumentary system

2,218

(2.67)

626

(3.01)

1.13

0.007

Miscellaneous diagnostic and therapeutic procedures

27,814

(33.45)

12,863

(61.87)

3.23

<0.001