Table 3 Characteristics of cases and controls
From: Proton pump inhibitors and acute kidney injury: a nested case–control study
Variable | Cases (n = 854) | Controls (n = 3289) | ORa | 95% CIb | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Agec | 51.09 (9.53) | 51.10 (9.40) | |||
Genderc | |||||
Female | 397 (46.5%) | 1525 (46.4%) | |||
Male | 457 (53.5%) | 1764 (53.6%) | |||
PPId use | 126 (14.8%) | 191 (5.8%) | 2.91 | (2.28-3.72) | < 0.001 |
NSAIDe use | 293 (34.3%) | 703 (21.4%) | 1.97 | (1.67-2.33) | < 0.001 |
Antibiotic use | 202 (26.7%) | 223 (6.8%) | 4.41 | (3.55-5.47) | <0.001 |
Diuretic use | 215 (25.2%) | 293 (8.9%) | 3.50 | (2.86-4.27) | <0.001 |
Diabetes | 175 (20.5%) | 216 (6.6%) | 3.94 | (3.14-4.94) | < 0.001 |
Hypertension | 302 (35.4%) | 626 (19.0%) | 2.48 | (2.08-2.95) | < 0.001 |
High cholesterol | 238 (27.8%) | 659 (20.0%) | 1.58 | (1.32-1.89) | < 0.001 |
Myocardial infarction | 13 (1.5%) | 18 (0.5%) | 2.86 | (1.40-5.84) | 0.004 |
Congestive heart failure | 38 (4.5%) | 8 (0.2%) | 18.20 | (8.48-39.06) | < 0.001 |
Cerebrovascular disease | 15 (1.8%) | 12 (0.4%) | 5.28 | (2.42-11.52) | < 0.001 |
Peripheral vascular disease | 26 (3.0%) | 17 (0.5%) | 6.19 | (3.31-11.56) | < 0.001 |
Paralysis | 6 (0.7%) | 4 (0.1%) | 5.99 | (1.69-21.24) | 0.006 |
Chronic lung disease | 45 (5.3%) | 47 (1.4%) | 3.94 | (2.58-6.00) | < 0.001 |
Liver disease | 16 (1.9%) | 9 (0.3%) | 6.94 | (3.06-15.72) | < 0.001 |
Malignancy | 49 (5.7%) | 28 (0.9%) | 6.90 | (4.33-10.97) | < 0.001 |
Metastatic cancer | 27 (3.2%) | 9 (0.3%) | 12.00 | (5.64-25.51) | < 0.001 |
Rheumatoid arthritis | 13 (1.5%) | 10 (0.3%) | 4.95 | (2.16-11.35) | < 0.001 |
Osteoarthritis | 72 (8.4%) | 184 (5.6%) | 1.57 | (1.18-2.10) | 0.002 |