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Table 2 Prevalence of non-renal risk factors for cardiovascular disease at enrollment, the CKD-ROUTE study (Oct 2010 - Dec 2011)

From: Baseline characteristics and prevalence of cardiovascular disease in newly visiting or referred chronic kidney disease patients to nephrology centers in Japan: a prospective cohort study

 

All

Stage 2

Stage 3

Stage 4

Stage 5

P- value

 

n = 1138

n = 95

n = 470

n = 364

n = 209

 

Hypertension

1027

69

406

348

204

<0.001

 

90.2%

72.6%

86.4%

95.6%

97.6%

 

Anti-hypertensive therapy

897

38

337

326

196

<0.001

 

78.8%

40.0%

71.7%

89.6%

93.8%

 

ARB or ACEI

720

29

282

271

138

<0.001

 

63.3%

30.5%

60.0%

74.5%

66.0%

 

Calcium channel blockers

488

13

173

180

122

<0.001

 

42.9%

13.7%

36.8%

49.5%

58.4%

 

β blockers

163

3

57

66

37

<0.001

 

14.3%

3.2%

12.1%

18.1%

17.7%

 

α blockers

76

0

22

36

18

0.001

 

6.7%

0.0%

4.7%

9.9%

8.6%

 

Diuretics

381

6

107

156

112

<0.001

 

33.5%

6.3%

22.8%

42.9%

53.6%

 

Anemia

      

Hb (g/dl)

13.7 ± 1.9

13.1 ± 1.9

11.2 ± 1.9

9.8 ± 1.5

11.9 ± 2.3

<0.001

 

13.9 [12.8 - 14.9]

13.2 [11.9 - 14.3]

11.1 [9.9 - 12.4]

9.8 [8.8 - 10.7]

12.0 [10.2 - 13.6]

 

Hb < 11 g/dl

404

7

64

169

164

<0.001

 

35.6%

7.4%

13.6%

46.6%

78.5%

 

Iron deficiency

142

6

46

61

29

0.013

 

14.9%

7.9%

12.2%

19.7%

15.3%

 

Oral iron supplementation

58

1

12

23

22

<0.001

 

5.1%

1.1%

2.6%

6.3%

10.5%

 

ESA

121

1

5

48

67

<0.001

 

10.6%

1.1%

1.1%

13.2%

32.1%

 

Lipid abnormalities

      

Total cholesterol (mg/dl)

218 ± 49

197 ± 48

185 ± 46

190 ± 51

194 ± 49

<0.001

 

214 [190–248]

193 [169–216]

182 [153–217]

180 [153–220]

190 [162–220]

 

HDL-C (mg/dl)

61 ± 20

55 ± 17

50 ± 16

51 ± 17

52 ± 17

<0.001

 

59 [45–67]

52 [42–63]

48 [39–59]

48 [38–59]

50 [40–62]

 

HDL-C < 40 mg/dl

229

11

76

89

53

<0.001

 

22.5%

12.8%

18.2%

27.7%

27.7%

 

LDL-C (mg/dl)

128 ± 42

111 ± 40

104 ± 39

109 ± 42

110 ± 41

<0.001

 

124 [106–152]

108 [87–130]

101 [75–125]

102 [78–126]

107 [83–130]

 

LDL-C ≥ 120 mg/dl

317

45

133

84

55

<0.001

 

34.6%

58.4%

34.5%

29.8%

31.8%

 

Statin

325

16

112

117

80

<0.001

 

28.6%

16.8%

23.8%

32.1%

38.3%

 

Disorders of mineral metabolism

      

Corrected Ca (mg/dl)

9.6 ± 0.5

9.5 ± 0.4

9.3 ± 0.5

9.2 ± 0.9

9.4 ± 0.6

<0.001

 

9.6 [9.3 -9.9]

9.5 [9.2 - 9.8]

9.3 [9.0 - 9.6]

9.2 [8.8 - 9.5]

9.4 [9.1 - 9.7]

 

Corrected Ca < 8.4 mg/dl

32

1

2

8

21

<0.001

 

2.9%

1.1%

0.4%

2.3%

10.2%

 

P (mg/dl)

3.3 ± 0.5

3.3 ± 0.6

3.5 ± 0.6

4.6 ± 1.3

3.6 ± 0.9

<0.001

 

3.4 [3.0 - 3.6]

3.3 [3.0 - 3.6]

3.5 [3.1 - 3.9]

4.4 [3.7 - 5.3]

3.5 [3.1 - 4.0]

 

P ≥ 4.6 mg/dl

102

0

6

14

82

<0.001

 

9.4%

0.0%

1.3%

4.0%

40.2%

 

Intact PTH (pg/ml)

46 ± 22

59 ± 37

103 ± 63

246 ± 156

109 ± 108

<0.001

 

39 [33–56]

51 [37–71]

89 [60–129]

218 [138–313]

71 [45–129]

 

Intact PTH > 65 pg/ml

496

11

116

200

169

<0.001

 

55.1%

15.9%

32.2%

68.0%

95.5%

 

Urinalysis

      

UPCR (g/gCr)

2.16 ± 3.23

1.40 ± 3.08

1.21 ± 2.48

2.37 ± 3.04

4.31 ± 3.99

<0.001

 

0.74 [0.13 - 2.85]

0.26 [0.07 - 1.14]

0.24 [0.06 - 0.99]

1.09 [0.23 - 3.40]

3.16 [1.15 - 6.16]

 

UPCR ≥ 0.5 g/gCr

591

36

159

224

172

<0.001

 

56.3%

40.0%

36.7%

66.7%

90.1%

 
  1. Continuous variables are presented as mean ± standard deviation and median with interquartile ranges. Categorical data are presented as numbers (n) of patients and percentages in each CKD stage. ARB angiotensin receptor blockers, ACEI angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, Hb hemoglobin, ESA erythropoiesis stimulating agent, LDL-C low density lipoprotein cholesterol, HDL-C high density lipoprotein cholesterol, TG triglycerides, Ca calcium, P phosphorus, PTH parathyroid hormone, UPCR urinary protein to creatinine ratio, g/gCr gram per gram creatinine.
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BMC Nephrology

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