Table 4 Pesticide residues in urine of CKDu cases ( n = 57)
Parent compound | Biomarker | Reference limit (μg/l) | CKDu cases (μg/l), (minimum, maximum) | CKDu cases above reference limit (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
2,4-D | 2,4-D | <0.3 | 0.5, 0.62 | 3.5 |
Pentachlorophenol | Pentachlorophenol | <2 | 0.3, 2.2 | 1.7 |
Chlorpyrifos | 3,5,6-trichloropyridinol | <11.3 | 0.5, 34.7 | 10.5 |
Parathion | p-nitrophenol | <25 | 0.5, 8.88 | 0 |
Carbaryl naphthalene | 1-naphthol | <19.7 | 0.5, 45.1 | 10.5 |
Naphthalene | 2-naphthol, | <17.1 | 0.94, 47.88 | 10.5 |
Glyphosate | Glyphosate | <2 | 0.075, 3.36 | 3.5 |
Glyphosate | AMPA | <0.5 | 0.075, 2.65 | 14 |