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Table 2 Univariate and multivariate odds ratios of an adverse outcome over 30 months of follow up, adjusted for CKD and hypertension

From: Association of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and failure to monitor renal function with adverse outcomes in people with diabetes: a primary care cohort study

 

Univariate analysis

Multivariate analysis (MLM)

Characteristic:

Odds ratio (95% CI)

P =

Odds ratio (95% CI)

P =

Age (years)

1.06 (1.06-1.06)

<0.001

1.05 (1.05-1.05)

<0.001

Gender: female

1.00 (reference)

-

1.00 (reference)

-

Gender: male

1.21 (1.13-1.31)

<0.001

1.24 (1.14-1.36)

<0.001

Ethnicity

    

White

1.00 (reference)

-

-

-

Mixed

0.61 (0.41-0.92)

0.019

-

-

Asian

1.00 (0.99-1.01)

0.488

-

-

Black

0.98 (0.97-1.00)

0.016

-

-

Other

0.95 (0.80-1.13)

0.591

-

-

Missing

1.02 (0.94-1.11)

0.640

-

-

Smoking Status

    

Not recorded

1.18 (1.07-1.31)

0.002

0.95 (0.84-1.08)

0.472

Never smoked

1.00 (reference)

-

1.00 (reference)

-

Current Smoker

1.39 (1.24-1.57)

<0.001

1.38 (1.24-1.54)

<0.001

Ex-smoker

1.82 (1.61-2.06)

<0.001

1.18 (1.05-1.32)

0.005

Alcohol Consumption

    

Not recorded

0.93 (0.85-1.01)

0.090

1.07 (0.96-1.20)

0.223

No alcohol

1.00 (reference)

-

1.00 (reference)

-

Light alcohol

0.87 (0.79-0.96)

0.004

0.88 (0.79-0.97)

0.013

Excess alcohol

1.04 (0.87-1.23)

0.688

1.24 (1.03-1.49)

0.024

Previous excess alcohol

1.16 (0.66-2.02)

0.610

1.04 (0.56-1.93)

0.895

Comorbidities

    

BMI (kg/m2)

1.01 (0.99-1.02)

0.276

-

-

Heart failure

3.39 (2.99-3.83)

<0.001

1.30 (1.13-1.49)

<0.001

Dialysis

3.03 (1.88-4.89)

<0.001

1.76 (1.04-2.99)

0.036

Stroke

3.96 (3.49-4.48)

<0.001

2.26 (1.98-2.59)

<0.001

Transient ischaemic attack

3.27 (2.82-3.79)

<0.001

1.58 (1.34-1.86)

<0.001

Ischaemic heart disease

3.03 (2.80-3.27)

<0.001

1.64 (1.47-1.84)

<0.001

Coronary artery operation

2.63 (2.35-2.94)

<0.001

1.26 (1.09-1.44)

0.001

Myocardial infarction

2.88 (2.56-3.24)

<0.001

1.23 (1.06-1.42)

0.005

Investigations

    

ACR: not monitored

0.77 (0.71-0.84)

<0.001

1.33 (1.19-1.50)

<0.001

ACR: normal

1.00 (reference)

-

1.00 (reference)

-

ACR: microalbuminuria

1.46 (1.31-1.62)

<0.001

1.16 (1.01-1.32)

0.034

ACR: macroalbuminuria

2.70 (2.26-3.23)

<0.001

2.32 (1.88-2.86)

<0.001

HbA1c: not measured

0.99 (0.98-1.01)

0.226

-

-

HbA1c: < 7.5%

1.00 (reference)

-

-

-

HbA1c: > 7.5%

1.16 (1.01-1.33)

0.224

-

-

Total cholesterol: not monitored

0.89 (0.76-1.05)

0.160

-

-

Total cholesterol: < 5.0 mmol/l

1.00 (reference)

-

-

-

Total cholesterol: > 5.0 mmol/l

0.88 (0.74-1.04)

0.134

-

-

LDL cholesterol: not monitored

1.13 (1.05-1.22)

0.002

1.23 (1.08-1.40)

0.002

LDL cholesterol: normal

1.00 (reference)

-

1.00 (reference)

-

LDL cholesterol: high

0.85 (0.75-0.96)

0.007

1.15 (1.01-1.31)

0.030

HDL cholesterol: not monitored

1.09 (0.98-1.20)

0.106

1.19 (1.02-1.39)

0.025

HDL cholesterol: normal

1.00 (reference)

-

1.00 (reference)

-

HDL cholesterol: low

1.13 (1.02-1.25)

0.022

1.17 (1.05-1.31)

0.006

Multilevel model performance:

 

Random effects:

 

Bayesian information criteria (BIC)

19022

Intercepts for GP practice:

Log-likelihood

-9312

Variance

0.111

ROC curve statistic

0.767

Standard deviation

0.334

  1. Abbreviations: MLM, multilevel model; CI, confidence interval.