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Table 1 Characteristics of included studies

From: Association of frailty and physical function in patients with non-dialysis CKD: a systematic review

First author, year

Population

na

Association

Physical measurement

Observer or self-reporting

Kidney function endpoint

Endpoint definition

CKD and frailty associated with outcome

 

Wilhelm-Leen [14]

age ≥20 3–5 frailty domains measured NHANES III

10,256

Frailty and CKD linked to mortality

Modified Fried Frailty Criteria

Both

Chronic Kidney Disease Stage 5

CKD Stage 5 definition: eGFR <45 mL /min/1.73 m2

Roshanravan [15]

age ≥18 CKD Stages 1–4 not requiring dialysis

336

Frailty associated with lower eGFR and higher risk of death or dialysis therapy

Modified Fried Frailty Criteria

Both

Chronic Kidney Disease

CKD definition: eGFR <90 mL /min/1.73 m2 OR albuminuriab

CKD and frailty associated

 

Odden [17]

previous cardiac event or disease

954

CKD associated with physical limitation and reduced exercise capacity

Exercise and Functional Capacity

Both

Chronic Kidney Disease Stage 3 or higher

CKD Stage 3 definition: Creatinine clearance <60 ml/min

Shlipak [18]

Medicare eligibility age > 65 non-institutionalized

5,808

CRI associated with frailty in community dwelling elder adults

Fried Frailty Criteria

Both

Chronic Renal Insufficiency

CRI definition: Male = serum creatinine >1.5 mg/dL, Female = serum creatinine >1.3 mg/dL

Fried [4]

Medicare eligibility age 70–79 no existing functional limitation

2,135

CKD associated with development of impaired physical function

Functional Limitation

Self

Kidney Function Quartile

Cystatin C input to MDRD. Secondary analysis grouped patients as eGFR <60 mL /min/1.73 m2 vs other

Bowling [19]

Community-dwelling Medicare beneficiaries age ≥65

357

CKD associated with functional decline

IADLs and BADLs

Self

Chronic Kidney Disease Stage 3 or higher

CKD definition: eGFR <60 mL /min/1.73 m2

Lattanzio [16]

Older Hospitalized Patients

486

Reduced kidney function associated with poor physical performance

Short Physical Performance Battery

Observer

Chronic Kidney Disease Stage 3 or higher

CKD definition: eGFR <60 mL /min/1.73 m2

  1. BADL Basic activities of daily living, CKD Chronic Kidney Disease, CRI Chronic Renal Insufficiency, DM diabetes mellitus, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, IADL Instrumental activities of daily living, MDRD Modification of Diet in Renal Disease equation, NHANES III, third National Health and Nutrition Evaluation Survey, RRT renal replacement therapy.
  2. astudy sample size.
  3. bAlbuminuria defined as urine albumin-creatinine ratio >30 mg/g from a 12-hour urine collection.