Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics of men with different self-reported drinking histories

Age (years)

58.82 ± 12.04

60.87 ± 12.14

54.55 ± 10.66

54.85 ± 10.54

<0.001

Stage 3 CKD, n (%)

2064(17.3)

1640(20.5)

361(11.1)

63(9.9)

<0.001

eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m²)

74.41 ± 16.17

72.85 ± 16.24

77.38 ± 15.41

78.90 ± 16.07

<0.001

Creatinine (mg/dL)

1.13 ± 0.22

1.14 ± 0.23

1.10 ± 0.19

1.08 ± 0.19

<0.001

Hypertension, n (%)

5372(45.1)

3703(46.2)

1355(41.7)

314(49.1)

<0.001

Systolic BP (mmHg)

133.01 ± 19.56

133.19 ± 19.78

132.08 ± 19.02

135.52 ± 19.25

<0.001

Diastolic BP (mmHg)

79.26 ± 12.25

78.55 ± 12.13

80.25 ± 12.34

83.09 ± 12.37

<0.001

Hyperlipidemia, n (%)

432(3.6)

287(3.6)

124(3.8)

21(3.3)

0.739

Cholesterol (mg/dL)

206.68 ± 41.30

205.62 ± 40.15

209.54 ± 43.17

205.49 ± 45.06

<0.001

Triglyceride (mg/dL)

156.70 ± 166.51

143.66 ± 115.73

173.54 ± 228.20

234.76 ± 272.61

<0.001

Hyperuricemia, n (%)

4629(38.9)

2997(37.4)

1334(41.1)

298(46.6)

<0.001

Uric acid (mg/dL)

6.75 ± 1.62

6.69 ± 1.64

6.83 ± 1.52

7.02 ± 1.72

<0.001

Diabetes, n (%)

1767(14.8)

1233(15.4)

415(12.8)

119(18.6)

<0.001

Fasting blood glucose (mg/dL)

107.03 ± 40.24

106.86 ± 39.70

106.60 ± 40.65

111.37 ± 44.42

0.019

Liver dysfunction, n (%)

2480(20.8)

1581(19.7)

732(22.6)

167(26.1)

<0.001

ALT (IU/L)

37.14 ± 42.86

36.28 ± 44.58

38.32 ± 37.89

41.97 ± 44.22

0.001

Anemia, n (%)

719(6.0)

582(7.3)

109(3.4)

28(4.4)

<0.001

Hemoglobin (g/dL)

15.19 ± 1.44

15.06 ± 1.45

15.43 ± 1.32

15.55 ± 1.54

<0.001

WBC count (10³/μL)

6.51 ± 1.99

6.47 ± 1.95

6.57 ± 1.82

6.79 ± 3.01

<0.001

Proteinuria, n (%)

1310(11.0)

910(11.4)

308(9.5)

92(14.4)

<0.001

BMI (kg/m²)

25.11 ± 3.47

24.94 ± 3.48

25.50 ± 3.34

25.29 ± 3.76

<0.001

Smoking, n (%)

3024(25.4)

1425(17.8)

1192(36.7)

407(63.7)

<0.001

Betel nut chewing, n (%)

1538(12.9)

484(6.0)

760(23.4)

294(46.0)

<0.001