Figure 1
From: Indoxyl sulfate, a uremic toxin, downregulates renal expression of Nrf2 through activation of NF-κB
Indoxyl sulfate decreases Nrf2 expression in HK-2 cells. A: serum-starved HK-2 cells were incubated with or without indoxyl sulfate (250 μM) for 48 h. Expression levels of Nrf2 mRNA were measured by real-time PCR. Data are expressed as mean±SE (n=4). *P < 0.05 vs. untreated cells. B: experimental conditions were as described in A except treatment with indoxyl sulfate for 72 h was used in place of 48 h. Whole cell lysates were immunoblotted using anti-Nrf2 antibody.