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Table 1 Overview of animal models discussed in this review

From: Pathophysiology and treatment of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis: the role of animal models

Animal models

Method of developing

Examples of FSGS research conducted using these animal models

Remnant kidney model [28–34]

5/6 renal mass resection

Use of thromboxane inhibitors [35]

Use of lipid lowering agents [36]

Use of peroxisome proliferator [37]

Use of antifibrotic agents [38]

Absence of p21 [39]

Absence of Apolipoprotein E [40]

Renal mass reduction due to systemic disease [41, 44]

Salt sensitive animals

Role of hypertension [41, 42]

Norepinephrine

Angiotensin

Zucker rats

Role of macrophage influx [43]

Munich Wistar rats

Use of Endothelin-1 inhibition [44, 45]

SLE

Use of TNF-α blockade [46]

Drug-induced [28, 49–52]

Adriamycin Puromycin

Use of ACE-I + Ang II inhibitors [54]

Role of MAPK [55]

Use of CCL2 vaccination [56]

Role of fibronectin as biomarker [57]

Role of Rab 23 as biomarker [58]

Streptozotocin

Role of good glycemic versus blood pressure control [60]

Virus-induced [63–65]

Vpr-gene

Use of fluvastatin [64]

Use of CYC202 [67]

SIVAN

[65]

Genetic targets [2, 68, 70, 71, 73]

Mpv-17

Role of mitochondrial DNA [69]

α-actinin 4

Genetic human FSGS comparison [70]

Podocin-deficiency

Knockout versus depletion [71, 72]

Thy-1.

Role of ACE-I [75]

hDTR

Presence of threshold [2]

Circulating permeability factors [76, 77]

Collapsing variant serum injection

Podocyte damage after injection [76]

Supernatant injection

Induction of transient proteinuria [77]

Spontaneously [78]

Accidental

Use of BMT [79]

  

Role of QTL [80]

  1. Abbreviations: SLE, Systemic lupus erythematosus; TNF- α, Tumor necrosis factor-alfa; ACE-I, Angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor; Ang II, Angiotensin II; MAPK, Mitogen-activated protein kinases; CCL2, Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2; Vpr, Viral protein R; SIVAN, Simian immunodeficiency virus associated nephropathy; DNA, Deoxyribonucleic acid; FSGS, Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis; hDTR, human diphtheria toxin receptor; BMT, Bone marrow transplantation; QTL, Quantitative trait loci.