Table 1 Main physicochemical characteristics of engineered nanomaterials investigated - reproduced from[14]
ENM code | ENM type | Phase | XRD Size [nm] | TEM Size | Primary characteristics by TEM analysis | Surface area (BET) [m2/g] | Known coating | Size in K-SFM (DLS) Ψ | Size in RPMI-FCS (DLS) Ψ | Zeta potential K-SFM | Zeta potential RPMI - FCS |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NM101 | TiO2 | Anatase€ | 9 | 4-8/50-100 | Two structures found; type 1 show agglomerates in the 50–1500 nm range | 322 | none | 221 | 358 | −11.4 | −17.7 |
NM110 | ZnO | Zincite | 70 to > 100 | 20-250/50-350 | Mainly 2 euhedral morphologies: 1) aspect ratio close to 1 (20–250 nm range and few particles of approx. 400 nm) 2) ratio 2 to 7.5 (50–350 nm). Minor amounts of particles with irregular morphologies observed. | 14 | none | 393 | 453.6 | −11.5 | −13 |
NM111 | ZnO | Zincite | 58-93 | 20-200/10-450 | As NM110, but with different size distributions. 1) particles with aspect ratio close to 1 (~90% in the 20–200 nm range); 2) particles with aspect ratio 2 to 8.5 (~90% in the 10–450 nm ratio). | 18 | Trie-othoxy-capry-lsilane 130 | 332 | 362.4 | −11.4 | −12.6 |
NM300 | Ag | Ag | 7$ 14£ <18/15/> 100# | 8-47 (av.: 17.5) | Mainly euhedral NM; minor fractions have either elongated (aspect ratio up to ~ 5) or sub-spherical morphology | NA | none | 87 | 51.59 | −10.2 | −13.3 |
NM400 | MWCNT | - | - | D: 5-35 L: 700-3000 | Irregular entangled kinked and mostly bent MWCNT (10–20 walls). Some CNTs were capped and some cases multiple caps were found due to overgrowth. Fe/Co catalysts (6–9 nm, average 7.5 nm) were found inside the tubes. | 298 | none | * | * | * | * |
NM402 | MWCNT | - | - | D: 6-20 L: 700-4000 | Entangled irregular, mostly bent MWCNT (6–14 walls). Some tubes were capped by unknown material. Some nano-onions (5–10 nm) and amorphous carbon structures mixed with Fe (5–20 nm). Residual catalyst was observed. Individual catalyst particles up to 150 nm were also detected. | 225 | none | * | * | * | * |
NRCWE001 | TiO2 | Rutile§ | 10 | 80-400 | Irregular euhedral particles detected by TEM | 99 | none | 349 | 337.5 | −11.6 | −14.7 |
NRCWE002 | TiO2 | Rutile | 10 | 80-400 | Irregular euhedral particles detected by TEM | 84 | Positive charged | 314 | 378.8 | −13.2 | −12.7 |
NRCWE003 | TiO2 | Rutile | 10 | 80-400 | Irregular euhedral particles detected by TEM | 84 | Negative charged | 384 | 423.6 | −15.3 | −13.2 |
NRCWE004 | TiO2 | Rutile | App. 100 | 1-4/10-100/100-200/1000-2000 | Five different particle types were identified: 1) irregular spheres, 1–4 nm (av. Diameter); 2) irregular euhedral particles, 10–100 nm (longest dimension); 3) fractal-like structures in long chains, 100–200 nm (longest dimension); 4) big irregular polyhedral particles, 1-2 μm (longest dimension); 5) large irregular particles with jagged boundaries, 1–2 μm (longest dimension). | 396 | 482.6 | −11.3 | −12.4 |