Table 1 Characteristics of studies reporting the relationship between hyperuricemia and CKD

Ryoo et al. [[16]] 2013

Korea

Prospective cohort

4 years

CP

>7.0 mg/dL

eGFR < 60

44/3910

66/14868

1.96 (1.28–2.99)^#

Age, BMI, Diabetes, smoking, alcohol, blood pressure, exercise, hyperlipidaemia

Chang et al. [[17]] 2013

Taiwan

Prospective cohort study

4 years (>40 years old)

CP

>7.5 mg/dL (male) and >6.5 mg/dL (female)

ACR > 30

N.R.

N.R.

1.42 (1.27-1.59)&

Age, gender, BMI, Diabetes, blood pressure, Hypercholesteraemia, education

3.54 (2.11,5.94)^#

Zoppini et al. [[18]] 2012

Italy

Retrospective cohort

5 years

DP

>7.0 mg/dL (male); >6.5 mg/dL (female)

eGFR < 60 or macro-albuminuria

47/159

147/1290

1.20 (1.03–1.57)& 2.01

BMI, smoking, blood pressure, albuminuria, duration of diabetes, HbA1c

(1.10–3.74)^#

Sonoda et al. [[19]] 2011

Japan

Prospective cohort

4–5 years

CP

>7.0 mg/dL (male); >6.0 mg/dL (female)

eGFR < 60

N.R.

N.R.

1.09 (1.01–1.18)&

BMI, BP, LDL, HDL, smoke, eGFR

Kawashima et al. [[20]] 2011

Japan

Retrospective cohort

95.2

CP

>7.0 mg/dL

eGFR < 60

32/166

68/1119

3.99 (2.59–6.15)^#

Age, BMI, HDL, BP, blood

(±66.7) months

Mok et al. [[21]] 2011

Korea

Severance cohort

6.5 years

CP

>6.6 mg/dL (male); >4.6 mg/dL (female)

GFR <60

226/3450

540/11489

2.1 (1.6–2.9) male*;

BMI, Diabetes, blood pressure, Hypercholesteraemia

1.3 (1.0-1.8) female*

Yamada et al. [[22]] 2011

Japan

Retrospective cohort

5 years

CP

>6.7 mg/dL (male); >4.8 mg/dL (female)

eGFR <60

343/3119

282/11280

1.42 (1.28–1.58) male&;

Age, BMI, Diabetes, smoking, alcohol, blood pressure, albuminuria, hyperlipidaemia

1.32 (1.12–1.56) female&

Wang et al. [[23]] 2011

China

Prospective cohort

3 years

CP

>7.0 mg/dL (male); >6.0 mg/dL (female)

GFR <60

N.R.

N.R.

1.03 (1.01–1.06)&

Age, gender, BMI, smoking, alcohol, exercise, Hypercholesteraemia, education, hyperlipidaemia

Jalal et al. [[24]] 2010

America

Prospective observational study.

6 years

DP

N.R.

ACR > 30

N.R.

N.R.

1.80 (1.20-2.80)^#

Age, gender, BMI, blood pressure, albuminuria, duration of diabetes, HbA1c, serum creatinine, medication for CKD or hyperuricaemia

Yen et al. [[25]] 2009

Taiwan

Prospective cohort

32.4 months

CP

> 6.6 mg/dL

eGFR < 60

84/312

60/488

0.997 (0.847–1.175)&

Age, gender, BMI, Diabetes, smoking, blood pressure, Hypercholesteraemia, albuminuria, serum creatinine

(>65 years old)

Weiner et al. [[26]] 2008

America

Prospective cohort

8.5 years

CP

>7.4 mg/dL (male); >6.1 mg/dl (female)

eGFR < 60

260/3167

481/10171

1.07 (1.01–1.14)&

Age, gender, race, diabetes, BP, cardiac disease, smoke, alcohol use, education, lipid, albumin

Obermayr et al. [[27]] 2008

Austria

Retrospective cohort

7 years

CP

7.0–8.9 mg/dL

eGFR < 60

N.R.

N.R.

1.26 (1.02–1.55)&

Age, gender, Diabetes, LDL, hyperlipidaemia, medication for CKD or hyperuricaemia

Domrongkitchaiporn et al. [[28]] 2005

Thailand

Retrospective cohort

12 years

CP

6.30–14.50 mg/dL

eGFR <60

N.R.

N.R.

1.82 (1.12–2.98)^#

BMI, Diabetes, smoking, blood pressure, Hypercholesteraemia, albuminuria