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Table 2 Summary of relative risks for associations between SUA and development of CKD

From: Is hyperuricemia an independent risk factor for new-onset chronic kidney disease?: a systematic review and meta-analysis based on observational cohort studies

Subgroup

Reference

SOR

Tests for heterogeneity

(95% CI)

Q

P

I 2(%)

Geographic region

     

Asia

[17, 19, 23, 25]

1.05 (1.03-1.08)â–³

30.7

<0.001*

90

Asia#

[19, 23, 25]

1.04 (1.01-1.06)â–³

1.76

0.42

0.00

Western

[18, 26, 27]

1.17 (1.11-1.22)â–³

0.64

0.724

0.00

Population

     

Healthy people

[16, 17, 20, 28]

2.59 (2.07-3.23)â–²

6.08

0.02*

69

Diabetic

[18, 24]

1.90 (1.30-2.78)â–²

0.07

0.79

0

Sex

     

Male

[21, 22, 26]

1.43 (1.05-1.94)â–³

32.98

0.001*

94

Female

[21, 22, 26]

1.21 (1.04-1.41)â–³

4.57

0.07

63

Follow-up

     

<5 years

[2, 19, 23, 25]

1.03 (1.01-1.06)â–³

0.19

0.66

0

[16, 17]

2.49 (1.79-3.46)â–²

2.99

0.08

67

≥5 years

[17, 18, 26, 27]

1.09 (1.04-1.14)â–³

2.63

0.45

0

[18, 20, 24, 28]

2.64 (2.09-3.32)â–²

6.48

0.09

54

  1. SOR: summary odds ratio; #Studies in Asian areas (except study by Chang et al. [17]); â–³OR calculated using continuous variables; per 1 mg/dL increase of uric acid levels; â–²OR calculated using dichotomous variables; hyperuricemia compared with normal; *heterogeneity exists.