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Table 1 Individual and area level characteristics by individual level income and race, n = 2,761 a

From: The association between race and income on risk of mortality in patients with moderate chronic kidney disease

 

Total N (%)

Low income N (%)

Medium/high income N (%)

P-valueb

Black N (%)

White N (%)

P-valuec

Death

750 (27.54)

493 (24.76)

257 (35.11)

< 0.0001

465 (26.72)

285 (28.99)

 

ESRD

204 (7.39)

141 (6.99)

63 (8.46)

0.19

65 (3.71)

139 (13.78)

 

Death or ESRD

873 (31.62)

580 (28.77)

293 (39.33)

< 0.0001

499 (28.48)

374 (37.07)

 

Black Race

1009 (36.54)

622 (30.85)

387 (51.95)

< 0.0001

   

No Insurance

100 (3.62)

53 (2.63)

47 (6.32)

< 0.0001

39 (2.23)

61 (6.05)

< 0.0001

Education

   

< 0.0001

  

< 0.0001

<High School

468 (16.97)

190 (9.44)

278 (37.32)

 

191 (10.91)

277 (27.48)

 

HS Graduate

757 (27.45)

507 (25.19)

250 (33.56)

 

489 (27.94)

268 (26.59)

 

Some College

697 (25.27)

531 (26.38)

166 (22.28)

 

466 (26.63)

231 (22.92)

 

College Graduate

836 (30.31)

785 (39)

51 (6.85)

 

604 (34.51)

232 (23.02)

 

Age (years)

   

0.011

  

0.0002

<60

329 (11.92)

262 (13)

67 (8.99)

 

189 (10.79)

140 (13.88)

 

60-69

866 (31.37)

642 (31.85)

224 (30.07)

 

519 (29.62)

347 (34.39)

 

70-79

1028 (37.23)

729 (36.16)

299 (40.13)

 

671 (38.3)

357 (35.38)

 

≥80

538 (19.49)

383 (19)

155 (20.81)

 

373 (21.29)

165 (16.35)

 

Female

1530 (55.41)

998 (49.5)

532 (71.41)

< 0.0001

890 (50.8)

640 (63.43)

< 0.0001

Region

   

< 0.0001

   

Belt

883 (31.98)

598 (29.66)

285 (38.26)

 

579 (33.05)

304 (30.13)

< 0.0001

Buckle

612 (22.17)

452 (22.42)

160 (21.48)

 

423 (24.14)

189 (18.73)

 

Non-Belt

1266 (45.85)

966 (47.92)

300 (40.27)

 

750 (42.81)

516 (51.14)

 

CKD Stage 4 d

183 (6.63)

109 (5.41)

74 (9.93)

< 0.0001

89 (5.08)

94 (9.32)

< 0.0001

Smoking Status

   

< 0.0001

  

0.0013

Current

305 (11.07)

191 (9.49)

114 (15.34)

 

181 (10.34)

124 (12.33)

 

Never

1267 (45.97)

921 (45.75)

346 (46.57)

 

772 (44.11)

495 (49.2)

 

Former

1184 (42.96)

901 (44.76)

283 (38.09)

 

797 (45.54)

387 (38.47)

 

BMI (kg/m 2 )

   

0.0007

  

< 0.0001

Underweight (<18.5)

32 (1.17)

24 (1.2)

8 (1.09)

 

24 (1.38)

8 (0.8)

 

Normal (18.5-24.9)

601 (21.98)

454 (22.72)

147 (19.97)

 

436 (25.13)

165 (16.52)

 

Overweight (25–29.9)

972 (35.55)

742 (37.14)

230 (31.25)

 

657 (37.87)

315 (31.53)

 

Obese (>30)

1129 (41.29)

778 (38.94)

351 (47.69)

 

618 (35.62)

511 (51.15)

 

Heart Disease

848 (31.43)

602 (30.57)

246 (33.74)

0.12

590 (34.32)

258 (26.35)

< 0.0001

Diabetes

1023 (37.17)

683 (34)

340 (45.76)

< 0.0001

536 (30.7)

487 (48.41)

< 0.0001

Hypertension

2315 (84.27)

1655 (82.58)

660 (88.83)

< 0.0001

1384 (79.4)

931 (92.73)

< 0.0001

Gini Index e

   

0.003

  

< 0.0001

<0.442

682 (24.74)

523 (25.98)

159 (21.37)

 

550 (31.45)

132 (13.1)

 

0.442-0.463

674 (24.45)

510 (25.34)

164 (22.04)

 

469 (26.82)

205 (20.34)

 

0.464-0.486

678 (24.59)

480 (23.85)

198 (26.61)

 

390 (22.3)

288 (28.57)

 

>0.486

723 (26.22)

500 (24.84)

223 (29.97)

 

340 (19.44)

383 (38)

 

County Poverty

   

< 0.0001

  

< 0.0001

<13.41%

692 (25.1)

559 (27.77)

133 (17.88)

 

532 (30.42)

160 (15.87)

 

13.41-16.24%

690 (25.03)

508 (25.24)

182 (24.46)

 

406 (23.21)

284 (28.17)

 

16.24-19.96%

681 (24.7)

490 (24.34)

191 (25.67)

 

419 (23.96)

262 (25.99)

 

>19.96%

694 (25.17)

456 (22.65)

238 (31.99)

 

392 (22.41)

302 (29.96)

 
  1. aParticipants with missing data items are not included in the percentages. 3 participants were missing data on education, 5 participants were missing data smoking status, 27 participants were missing data on BMI, 63 participants were missing data on heart disease, 9 participants were missing data on diabetes and 14 participants were missing data on hypertension. 4 participants were missing data on area-level poverty and Gini-Index.
  2. bComparing Low Income versus Medium/High Income. Low income was defined as < $20,000 and medium/high income was defined as ≥ $20,000.
  3. cComparing black versus white.
  4. dCKD stages 3 and 4 were defined as baseline eGFRs 30–59 (mL/min/1.73 m2) and 15–29 (mL/min/1.73 m2), respectively.
  5. eThe Gini Index, a measure of income heterogeneity which ranges from 0 to 1, was considered with 0 indicating perfectly equal income distribution across households in a county and 1 indicating all county income was held within one household.
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BMC Nephrology

ISSN: 1471-2369

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