The association between race and income on risk of mortality in patients with moderate chronic kidney disease

BMC Nephrology

Table 3 Unadjusted and adjusted hazard ratio for mortality or ESRD and 95% CI among participants with CKD in the REGARDS study, n = 2,761

	HR (95% CI) model 1 unadjusted	HR (95% CI) model 2 adjusted for sociodemographics^a	HR (95% CI) model 3 + CKD stage	HR (95% CI) model 4 + BMI and smoking	HR (95% CI) model 5 + comorbidity^b	HR (95% CI) model 6 + area level measures^c	HR (95% CI) model 7 + BP and albuminuria^d
Income
Medium/High	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
Low^e	1.52 (1.32-1.75)	1.62 (1.40-1.88)	1.46 (1.26-1.70)	1.40 (1.20-1.63)	1.29 (1.10-1.50)	1.28 (1.09-1.51)	1.32 (1.06-1.65)
Race
White	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
Black	1.45 (1.27-1.66)	1.57 (1.37-1.80)	1.52 (1.32-1.75)	1.55 (1.35-1.79)	1.52 (1.31-1.77)	1.52 (1.30-1.78)	1.63 (1.31-2.01)

^aSociodemographic characteristics include age, geographic location, education and gender.
^bComorbidities include heart disease, hypertension, and diabetes.
^cArea Level measures include county poverty and Gini Index. The Gini Index, a measure of income heterogeneity which ranges from 0 to 1, was considered with 0 indicating perfectly equal income distribution across households in a county and 1 indicating all county income was held within one household.
^dBlood pressure (BP) included systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Serum albuminuria (g/dL) was considered.
^eLow income was defined as < $20,000 and medium/high income was defined as ≥ $20,000.

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