Dietary acid load and chronic kidney disease among adults in the United States

BMC Nephrology

Table 2 Relationship of estimated Net Acid Excretion with Albuminuria, Kidney Dysfunction, and CKD Stages and Risk Groups in NHANES participants (N = 11,285)

Parameter	UACR^+$ > 30 mg/g	eGFR^$ < 60 ml/min/1.73m²	Stages of CKD^#,**	Risk groups of CKD^@**
Parameter	OR (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)
Unadjusted
Quintile 1	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference
Quintile 2	1.39 (1.09–1.78)	1.29 (0.98–1.70)	1.47 (1.11–1.95)	0.92 (0.76–1.11)
Quintile 3	1.33 (1.08–1.63)	1.84 (1.38–2.45)	1.79 (1.36–2.37)	1.30 (1.08–1.57)
Quintile 4	1.44 (1.15–1.80)	2.35 (1.78–3.12)	2.23 (1.63–3.05)	1.65 (1.41–1.93)
Quintile 5	1.71 (1.40–2.07)	2.63 (2.07–3.34)	2.51 (1.73–3.64)	1.99 (1.67–2.37)
ptrend	<0.0001	<0.0001	<0.0001	<0.0001
Adjusted*
Quintile 1	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference
Quintile 2	1.25 (0.80–1.94)	1.13 (0.89–1.44)	0.94 (0.52–1.70)	0.75 (0.60–0.94)
Quintile 3	1.36 (1.04–1.78)	1.06 (0.82–1.36)	1.10 (0.74–1.65)	0.92 (0.74–1.15)
Quintile 4	1.27 (0.98–1.66)	1.17 (0.86–1.58)	1.23 (0.91–1.65)	1.08 (0.88–1.29)
Quintile 5	1.57 (1.20–2.05)	1.37 (0.91–2.05)	1.20 (0.87–1.62)	1.10 (0.91–1.30)
ptrend	0.04	0.04	0.05	0.01

Quintile 1: min to 37.35 mEq/day; Quintile 2: >37.35 to 49.62 mEq/day; Quintile 3: >49.62 to 60.89 mEq/day; Quintile 4: >60.89 to 75.65 mEq/day; Quintile 5: >75.65 to max mEq/day.
⁺UACR- Urinary albumin to creatinine ratio.
^#CKD Stages defined by KDOQI Classification.
^@CKD Risk Groups defined by KDIGO Nomenclature.
*Adjustment for demographics (age, gender and race/ethnicity), socio-economic status (education, poverty income ratio), body mass index, risk factors (smoking, diabetes, hypertension, self-reported cardio-vascular diseases [CVD i.e. (coronary heart disease, congestive heart failure or stroke)]), total caloric intake, and body mass index.
OR (95% CI) = Odds Ratio (95% confidence interval).
^$From multiple logistic regression.
^**From ordinal logistic regression.

ISSN: 1471-2369