| | |
Quartile of serum calcium level (mg/dL)
| |
|---|
| | |
Q1
|
Q2
|
Q3
|
Q4
| |
|---|
| |
All patients
|
(<9.0)
|
(9.0 - 9.4)
|
(9.4 - 9.8)
|
(>9.8)
|
p for trend
|
|---|
|
No. of patients
|
2144
|
544
|
452
|
588
|
560
|
-
|
|
Demographic data
| | | | | | |
|
Age, yrs
|
64.2 ± 13.5
|
64.1 ± 14.3
|
64.8 ± 13.7
|
63.8 ± 13.2
|
64.1 ± 13.0
|
0.636
|
|
Gender (female)
|
756 (35.3%)
|
179 (32.9%)
|
149 (33.0%)
|
207 (35.2%)
|
221 (39.5%)
|
0.017
|
|
Diabetes mellitus
|
940 (43.8%)
|
209 (38.4%)
|
184 (40.7%)
|
265 (45.1%)
|
282 (50.4%)
|
<0.001
|
|
Cardiovascular disease
|
381 (17.8%)
|
101 (18.6%)
|
92 (20.4%)
|
94 (16.0%)
|
94 (16.8%)
|
0.197
|
|
Hypertension
|
1360 (63.4%)
|
386 (71.0%)
|
303 (67.0%)
|
364 (61.9%)
|
307 (54.8%)
|
<0.001
|
|
Smoker (recent)
|
279 (13.0%)
|
70 (12.9%)
|
56 (12.4%)
|
78 (13.3%)
|
75 (13.4%)
|
0.711
|
|
Mean BP, mmHg
|
99.4 ± 13.5
|
97.9 ± 13.1
|
99.1 ± 12.9
|
100.5 ± 14.8
|
100.1 ± 12.7
|
0.002
|
|
Body mass index, kg/m2
|
25.0 ± 3.9
|
24.6 ± 3.8
|
25.2 ± 3.8
|
25.1 ± 4.1
|
25.3 ± 4.1
|
0.017
|
|
Laboratory results
| | | | | | |
|
eGFR, ml/min/1.73 m2
|
33.2 ± 11.9
|
31.2 ± 11.8
|
33.4 ± 11.8
|
34.5 ± 11.8
|
33.5 ± 11.9
|
0.001
|
|
Hemoglobin, g/dL
|
11.9 ± 2.1
|
11.5 ± 2.0
|
12.1 ± 2.1
|
12.1 ± 2.1
|
12.0 ± 2.1
|
<0.001
|
|
Albumin, g/dL
|
3.9 ± 0.5
|
3.9 ± 0.4
|
3.9 ± 0.4
|
3.9 ± 0.5
|
3.8 ± 0.6
|
0.003
|
|
GPT, U/I
|
26.3 ± 25.1
|
24.4 ± 23.8
|
25.5 ± 24.6
|
27.1 ± 27.4
|
28.2 ± 24.0
|
0.006
|
|
Cholesterol, mg/dL
|
192.0 (165.0-223.5)
|
187.0 (160.0-213.0)
|
190.0 (163.0-217.8)
|
194.0 (168.8-224.0)
|
198.0 (167.6-232.8)
|
<0.001
|
|
Triglyceride, mg/dL
|
127.0 (93.0-189.0)
|
117.0 (86.3-171.7)
|
123.0 (89.0-172.8)
|
134.0 (97.0-188.0)
|
141.0 (100.0-212.8)
|
<0.001
|
|
WBC, x103/uL
|
7.2 ± 2.3
|
7.1 ± 2.4
|
7.1 ± 2.1
|
7.1 ± 2.1
|
7.5 ± 2.4
|
0.012
|
|
CRP, mg/dL;
|
1.0 (0.3-4.6)
|
1.1 (0.5-4.0)
|
1.0 (0.4-3.3)
|
0.9 (0.3-4.2)
|
1.2 (0.2-7.3)
|
0.993
|
|
HbA1c, mg/dL;
|
6.6 ± 1.7
|
6.4 ± 1.5
|
6.3 ± 1.4
|
6.7 ± 1.7
|
7.0 ± 1.8
|
<0.001
|
|
UPCR, mg/g
|
702.8 (263.0-1697.7)
|
800.7 (334.6-1778.8)
|
721.3 (269.9-1670.1)
|
615.6 (229.1-1698.2)
|
659.8 (244.9 - 1698.6)
|
0.016
|
|
Sodium, mEq/L
|
138.6 ± 3.4
|
138.2 ± 3.4
|
138.7 ± 3.1
|
138.9 ± 3.4
|
138.8 ± 3.6
|
0.003
|
|
Potassium, mEq/L
|
4.3 ± 0.5
|
4.3 ± 0.5
|
4.2 ± 0.5
|
4.3 ± 0.5
|
4.4 ± 0.5
|
<0.001
|
|
Phosphorus, mg/dL
|
3.9 ± 0.8
|
4.0 ± 0.9
|
3.9 ± 0.8
|
3.9 ± 0.8
|
3.9 ± 0.7
|
0.019
|
|
Calcium, mg/dL
|
9.2 ± 0.7
|
8.6 ± 0.5
|
9.1 ± 0.3
|
9.3 ± 0.3
|
10.0 ± 0.5
|
<0.001
|
|
Ca x Pi
|
36.2 ± 7.5
|
34.2 ± 7.4
|
35.1 ± 7.0
|
36.6 ± 7.5
|
38.5 ± 7.2
|
<0.001
|
|
PTH, pg/mL
|
68.4 ± 79.5
|
96.2 ± 105.8
|
66.3 ± 68.6
|
61.6 ± 72.2
|
50.4 ± 54.4
|
<0.001
|
|
Bicarbonate, mEq/L
|
23.4 ± 3.6
|
22.6 ± 3.8
|
23.6 ± 3.5
|
23.8 ± 3.5
|
23.8 ± 3.7
|
<0.001
|
|
Uric acid, mg/dL
|
7.8 ± 1.9
|
7.8 ± 1.9
|
7.7 ± 1.9
|
7.7 ± 1.8
|
7.8 ± 2.0
|
0.588
|
|
Phosphate binder
|
381 (17.8%)
|
105 (19.3%)
|
86 (19.0%)
|
92 (15.6%)
|
98 (17.5%)
|
0.129
|
|
Outcome
| | | | | | |
|
Follow-up, days
|
1085(682–1673)
|
1061 (673–1608)
|
1059 (676–1575)
|
1092 (688–1686)
|
1191 (705–1749)
|
0.017
|
|
LVMI
|
118.5 (45.0)
|
129.2 (42.9)
|
121.9 (56.3)
|
112.3 (42.7)
|
114.1 (37.6)
|
0.037
|
|
eGFR slope, ml/min/1.73 m2/yr
|
-1.9 (-5.4-0.5)
|
-2.6 (-6.2-0.1)
|
-1.7 (-4.7-0.5)
|
-1.9 (-5.6-0.5)
|
-1.4 (-4.9-1.1)
|
<0.001
|
|
Rapid renal progression
|
574 (27.0%)
|
172 (31.9%)
|
115 (25.4%)
|
151 (25.7%)
|
136 (24.5%)
|
0.029
|
|
RRT
|
294 (13.7%)
|
107 (19.7%)
|
54 (11.9%)
|
73 (12.4%)
|
60 (10.7%)
|
<0.001
|
|
Death
|
270 (12.6%)
|
56 (10.3%)
|
53 (11.7%)
|
65 (11.1%)
|
96 (17.1%)
|
<0.001
|
-
CKD, Chronic kidney disease; BP, Blood pressure; eGFR, Estimated glomerular filtration rate; GPT, Glutamic pyruvic transaminase; WBC, White blood cell count; CRP, C-reactive protein; HbA1c, Glycosylated hemoglobin; UPCR, Urine protein to creatinine ratio; Ca x Pi, Calcium phosphate product; PTH, Parathyroid hormone; RRT, Renal Replacement Therapy; LVMI, Left ventricular mass index; LVH, Left ventricular hypertrophy.
- Continuous variables are expressed as mean ± standard deviation or median (interquartile range), and categorical variables are expressed as number (percentage). P for trend <0.05 indicates a significant trend for increasing calcium levels.
