Table 1 Characteristics of hypernatremic patients and risk factors for death occurrence during hospitalization
From: Undercorrection of hypernatremia is frequent and associated with mortality
Characteristics | Total population (% or mean ± SD) | Death during hospitalization (% or mean ± SD) | No death during hospitalization (% or mean ± SD) |
|---|---|---|---|
n = 85 | n = 19 | n = 59 | |
Age (years) | 79.7 ± 14 | 85.3 ± 10.7 | 77.2 ± 14.7 |
Male | 44% | 63% | 41% |
Cause of admission | |||
Asthenia | 40% | 53% | 32% |
Short breath | 16% | 32% | 6% |
Fever | 12% | 5% | 15% |
Diarrhea, vomiting or abdominal pain | 9% | 0% | 14% |
Neurologic symptom | 8% | 0% | 12% |
Trauma | 4% | 0% | 3% |
Hypotension | 4% | 5% | 3% |
Gastrointestinal bleeding | 2% | 5% | 2% |
Other | |||
Place of origin and personal environment | |||
Home | 45% | 42% | 51% |
Institution | 50% | 47% | 46% |
Home medical care | 5% | 11% | 3% |
Season of occurrence | |||
Winter | 39% | 47% | 34% |
Spring | 20% | 16% | 24% |
Summer | 20% | 26% | 20% |
Autumn | 21% | 11% | 22% |
Dementia | 28% | 31% | 27% |
Treatment modifying renal water excretion | 23% | 29% | 24% |
Loop diuretic | 14% | 22% | 14% |
Thiazide | 4% | 7% | 4% |
Potassium-sparing diuretic | 3% | 0% | 4% |
Lithium | 1% | 0% | 2% |
Characteristics at admission | |||
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 116 ± 29 | 94 ± 24 | 122 ± 26 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 68 ± 18 | 55 ± 15 | 73 ± 17 |
Mean blood pressure (mmHg) | 84 ± 20 | 67.8 ± 15.0 | 89.6 ± 17.8 |
Neurologic symptoms | 66% | 88% | 59% |
Extracellular dehydration | 72% | 88% | 67% |
Natremia (mmol/L) | 158 ± 8 | 158.2 ± 6.5 | 158.5 ± 8.3 |
Calculated plasmatic tonicity* (mOsm/L) | 347 ± 25 | 357 ± 28 | 346 ± 24 |
Calculated plasmatic osmolarity** (mOsm/L) | 356 ± 26 | 365 ± 29 | 355 ± 25 |
Creatinine (μmol/L) | 170 ± 108 | 225 ± 117 | 152 ± 95 |
eGFR*** (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 45 ± 26 | 33.6 ± 24.2 | 48.9 ± 26.4 |
Main diagnosis in emergency department | |||
Infection | 41% | 39% | 47% |
Extracellular dehydration | 33% | 4% | 16% |
Gastrointestinal disease | 6% | 7% | 5% |
Shock (septic n = 3, hypovolemic n = 1) | 5% | 40% | 16% |
Acute pulmonary edema | 2% | 2% | 0% |
Other | 13% | 9% | 16% |
Perfused solute | |||
Hypotonic solute | 64% | 53% | 65% |
Isotonic solute | 28% | 42% | 23% |
No perfusion | 1% | 0% | 2% |
Unknown | 7% | 5% | 11% |
Natremia correction speed: | |||
Mean speed between entry and last known natremia (mmol/L/h) | −0.18 ± 0.21 | −0.1 ± 0.15 | −0.2 ± 0.22 |
No natremia improvement | 27% | 44% | 21% |