Table 4 Detection (n d ) and quantification (n q ) incidences and concentration ranges of breath and room air compounds
From: Blood and breath profiles of volatile organic compounds in patients with end-stage renal disease
Class | VOC | Breath before HD | Room air before HD | Breath after HD | Room air after HD | Wilcoxon breath before/ | Wilcoxon breath/room air | Wilcoxon breath/room air | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Incidence | Range (median) | Incidence | Range (median) | Breath after incidence | Before range (median) | After incidence | Range (median) | |||||
nd(nq) | [ppb] | nd(nq) | [ppb] | nd(nq) | [ppb] | nd(nq) | [ppb] | |||||
VSC | Dimethyl sulfide (DMS) | 13(13) | 1.1-58.3(7.8) | 13(12) | 0.35-2.9(0.85) | 13(13) | 1.1-31(6.5) | 13(12) | 0.18-1.7(0.75) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Thiophene | 0(0) | <LOD | 0(0) | <LOD | 0(0) | <LOD | 0(0) | <LOD | - | - | - | |
Sulfide, allyl methyl (AMS) | 7(6) | 0.66-4.9(1.2) | 0(0) | <LOD | 7(5) | 0.7-4.8(1.7) | 0(0) | <LOD | n.s. | 0.03 | 0.03 | |
Sulfide, methyl propyl (MPS) | 7(7) | 0.3-12.5(1.5) | 7(6) | 0.14-0.82(0.2) | 7(7) | 0.33-12(1.5) | 6(4) | 0.15-0.36(0.24) | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.02 | |
Ketones | Acetone | 13(13) | 760-9070(1600) | 13(13) | 106-850(240) | 13(13) | 580-3900(1500) | 13(13) | 100-350(200) | n.s. | <0.001 | <0.001 |
3-Buten-2-one | 12(12) | 2.7-6.5(4.3) | 12(12) | 2-6.4(3.2) | 12(12) | 3.2-8.1(4.9) | 12(12) | 1.9-10.5(2.9) | n.s. | 0.005 | 0.01 | |
2-Butanone | 13(13) | 2.7-225(19) | 13(13) | 2.9-140(43) | 13(13) | 2-49(12.6) | 13(13) | 2-67(12.5) | 0.03 | n.s. | n.s. | |
2,3-Butanedione | 12(12) | 4.6-73(23.5) | 12(12) | 2.8-7.7(6.1) | 12(12) | 4.5-142(18) | 12(12) | 2.5-10.4(5.3) | n.s. | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
2-Pentanone | 13(13) | 0.43-16.2(1.2) | 13(10) | 0.25-0.83(0.4) | 13(13) | 0.64-6.2(1.3) | 13(10) | 0.26-1(0.44) | n.s. | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
2-Hexanone | 1(1) | 2.07 | 1(1) | 0.56 | 1(1) | 0.61 | 1(1) | 0.59 | - | - | - | |
Cyclohexanone | 9(9) | 0.76-43(18) | 8(8) | 1.2-118(32) | 8(8) | 0.77-21.3(11.6) | 8(8) | 0.92-70(32.3) | n.s. | 0.02 | 0.01 | |
2-Cyclohexen-1-one | 6(6) | 0.7-5(2) | 6(6) | 2.1-12(3) | 5(4) | 1-2.5(1.8) | 5(5) | 1.3-5(3.5) | - | - | - | |
4-Heptanone | 10(10) | 0.17-1.35(0.5) | 1(0) | <LOD | 10(9) | 0.21-1.5(0.55) | 1(0) | <LOD | n.s. | 0.003 | 0.004 | |
3-Heptanone | 7(2) | 0.79-0.85(0.82) | 7(1) | 0.64 | 7(0) | <LOQ | 7(0) | <LOQ | - | - | - | |
2-Heptanone | 2(2) | 0.45-0.96(0.7) | 2(2) | 0.34-0.4(0.37) | 2(1) | 0.62 | 2(2) | 0.36-0.4(0.38) | - | - | - | |
Ald. | 2-Propenal | 12(12) | 10-51(22) | 12(12) | 8.7-47(20.6) | 12(12) | 9-57(21.8) | 12(12) | 9.6-50(21.3) | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. |
Propanal* | 12(12) | 6.4-80(18) | 12(12) | 15.7-227(49) | 12(12) | 4.7-37.3(11.7) | 12(12) | 11.7-74.4(34.4) | 0.005 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
2-Propenal, 2-methyl- | 12(12) | 2.8-5.8(4.2) | 12(12) | 2.9-14(3.4) | 12(12) | 2.2-15(4.8) | 12(12) | 1.7-22(3.7) | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | |
Hydrocarbons | 1,3-Butadiene | 3(3) | 5.6-18(10) | 3(3) | 2-3.5(2.9) | 3(3) | 3.7-7(5) | 3(3) | 1.8-3(2.5) | - | - | - |
Propane, 2-methyl- | 4(4) | 8.6-24.4(17) | 4(4) | 2.14-23.7(5.5) | 4(4) | 6.7-20(13.4) | 4(4) | 2.74-18.9(5.4) | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | |
n-Butane | 12(12) | 8.1-147(19.4) | 12(12) | 2.75-21.4(7.9) | 12(12) | 3.1-111(12.9) | 12(12) | 2.66-19.2(7.2) | <0.001 | 0.002 | n.s. | |
Butane, 2-methyl- | 12(12) | 7-27.3(13.6) | 12(12) | 3.9-32(11.4) | 12(12) | 4.8-26(9.4) | 12(12) | 4.4-26(11.5) | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | |
Isoprene | 13(13) | 50-563(101) | 13(13) | 1.9-7(3) | 13(13) | 116-547(199) | 13(13) | 2.4-6.6(4.4) | 0.009 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
2-Pentene, (Z)- | 4(4) | 2.5-17(14.7) | 4(4) | 1.1-8.6(5.2) | 4(4) | 0.97-10.5(7) | 4(4) | 0.7-15.6(8.2) | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | |
n-Pentane | 13(13) | 9.3-70(16.9) | 13(13) | 2.1-14.9(6) | 13(13) | 2.07-14.4(4.8) | 13(13) | 1.48-11.9(2.9) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
1,3-Pentadiene, (E)- | 3(3) | 5.6-18.1(11.3) | 3(3) | 2-3.5(2.8) | 3(3) | 3.7-7(5.3) | 3(3) | 1.79-3.1(2.44) | - | - | - | |
1,3-Pentadiene, (Z)- | 3(3) | 2.6-6.9(4.3) | 3(3) | 0.37-1(0.67) | 3(3) | 1.1-2.9(1.9) | 3(3) | 0.36-0.8(0.59) | - | - | - | |
1-Pentene, 2-methyl- | 7(7) | 1.43-15.8(2.7) | 7(4) | 0.3-1.3(0.55) | 7(4) | 0.44-1.77(0.9) | 6(2) | 0.8-0.89(0.85) | 0.02 | 0.02 | n.s. | |
Pentane, 2-methyl- | 6(6) | 9.4-130(41) | 6(6) | 9.2-171(36.4) | 6(6) | 2.3-31(23.3) | 6(6) | 2.7-45(14.6) | 0.03 | n.s. | n.s. | |
Cyclohexane | 11(11) | 0.99-3.4(2.2) | 11(11) | 0.53-113(1.5) | 11(11) | 0.57-123(2.1) | 11(11) | 0.4-95(1.7) | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | |
Hexane, 2-methyl- | 9(9) | 0.47-4.8(0.84) | 9(8) | 0.71-2.8(0.9) | 9(8) | 0.56-3.2(1.3) | 9(8) | 0.51-2.5(0.86) | n.s. | n.s. | 0.008 | |
1-Hexene | 9(9) | 1.32-77(5.4) | 9(9) | 0.93-77(5.5) | 9(9) | 0.79-20(4.5) | 9(9) | 0.93-16.6(3.7) | 0.04 | 0.03 | n.s. | |
Pentane, 3-methyl- | 8(8) | 2.5-32.5(7.3) | 8(8) | 3.1-42(7.5) | 8(8) | 0.93-8.4(4.4) | 8(8) | 0.94-11.4(2.9) | 0.008 | n.s. | n.s. | |
n-Hexane | 13(13) | 1.4-21(4.4) | 13(13) | 1-13.7(4.6) | 13(13) | 1.2-121(5.8) | 13(13) | 0.9-35(3.9) | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | |
1-Heptene | 8(8) | 0.57-56(1.4) | 8(8) | 0.47-5(0.77) | 8(8) | 0.46-7.3(1.6) | 8(8) | 0.39-3.8(0.9) | n.s. | 0.02 | 0.04 | |
2-Heptene | 0(0) | <LOD | 0(0) | <LOD | 0(0) | <LOD | 0(0) | <LOD | - | - | - | |
n-Heptane | 13(13) | 0.91-33.4(1.9) | 13(13) | 0.62-2.8(1.4) | 13(13) | 0.69-3.3(1.7) | 13(13) | 0.53-3.5(1.3) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.02 | |
Heptane, 3-methylene- | 13(13) | 0.95-17.5(2.6) | 13(11) | 0.28-1.3(0.52) | 13(13) | 0.5-9.6(1.9) | 13(11) | 0.33-2.4(0.57) | n.s. | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
3-Octene, (E)- | 11(8) | 1.7-4.7(2.2) | 11(4) | 0.98-1.7(1.3) | 11(8) | 0.98-2.5(1.9) | 11(4) | 1-2.4(1.6) | n.s. | 0.008 | n.s. | |
Heptane, 2,4-dimethyl- | 0(0) | <LOD | 0(0) | <LOD | 0(0) | <LOD | 0(0) | <LOD | - | - | - | |
Terpenes | α-Pinene | 12(11) | 1.94-16.3(2.8) | 12(7) | 1.6-7.2(2.1) | 12(10) | 1.85-7.2(2.4) | 12(4) | 1.7-3.53(2.7) | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. |
3-Carene | 2(1) | 7.1 | 1(0) | <LOQ | 2(1) | 2.53 | 2(0) | <LOQ | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | |
m-Cymene | 0(0) | <LOD | 0(0) | <LOD | 0(0) | <LOD | 0(0) | <LOD | - | - | - | |
p-Cymene | 13(13) | 0.36-3.7(0.97) | 13(13) | 0.3-1.58(0.77) | 13(13) | 0.29-3.1(0.86) | 13(13) | 0.29-2.15(0.76) | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.05 | |
DL-Limonene | 13(13) | 1.6-22(5.1) | 13(13) | 1.7-7.3(4) | 13(13) | 1.7-19.7(4.4) | 13(13) | 1.7-6.9(4.3) | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | |
Eucalyptol | 0(0) | <LOD | 0(0) | <LOD | 0(0) | <LOD | 0(0) | <LOD | - | - | - | |
Aromatics | Benzene | 13(13) | 2.1-15(4.2) | 13(13) | 1.91-6.7(3.8) | 13(13) | 1.9-8.7(4.0) | 13(13) | 1.7-8.1(3.5) | 0.002 | <0.001 | n.s. |
Toluene | 13(13) | 2.2-15.2(5.1) | 13(13) | 2.12-9.4(4) | 13(13) | 2-10.2(4.3) | 13(13) | 2.14-9.9(4.2) | 0.02 | 0.008 | n.s. | |
p-Xylene | 12(12) | 2.8-7.7(4.3) | 12(12) | 2.9-7.9(4.4) | 12(12) | 3-8.5(4.2) | 12(12) | 3.3-7.8(4.3) | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | |
o-Xylene | 0(0) | <LOD | 0(0) | <LOD | 0(0) | <LOD | 0(0) | <LOD | - | - | - | |
Heterocyclic | Furan | 11(11) | 0.68-9.8(2.0) | 11(9) | 0.7-2.2(1.5) | 11(9) | 0.85-4.1(1.8) | 11(9) | 0.65-2.9(1.3) | <0.001 | <0.001 | n.s. |
Furan, 2-methyl- | 13(13) | 0.52-7.1(1.32) | 13(13) | 0.47-1.77(0.68) | 13(13) | 0.59-3.24(1) | 13(13) | 0.52-1.88(0.84) | n.s. | 0.04 | 0.03 | |
Furan, 3-methyl- | 13(8) | 0.3-1.1(0.43) | 13(2) | 0.35-0.42(0.38) | 13(8) | 0.32-1.1(0.41) | 13(3) | 0.39-0.5(0.4) | n.s. | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
Furan, 2,5-dimethyl- | 2(2) | 0.58-2.8(1.7) | 2(0) | <LOQ | 2(1) | 1.13 | 2(0) | <LOQ | - | - | - | |
Pyridine | 13(13) | 0.75-58(7.3) | 13(13) | 0.4-75(5.9) | 13(13) | 0.66-141(11) | 13(13) | 0.4-74(15.3) | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | |
Furan, 2-pentyl- | 0(0) | <LOD | 0(0) | <LOD | 0(0) | <LOD | 0(0) | <LOD | - | - | - | |
Other | Acetonitrile | 13(11) | 12-165(15.4) | 13(8) | 11.5-46.5(14.5) | 13(8) | 13-56(16.8) | 13(9) | 12-55(15.1) | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. |
Ethyl Acetate | 13(13) | 0.8-211(1.3) | 13(13) | 0.9-47.7(1.5) | 13(13) | 0.68-48(1.04) | 13(13) | 0.98-45.7(1.4) | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | |