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Table 1 Baseline characteristics: ACEi/ARB users and non-users

From: Association between angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker use prior to major elective surgery and the risk of acute dialysis

 

Pre-matched cohort

Propensity matched cohort

ACEi/ARB users

Non-users

ACEi/ARB users

Non-users

N = 101,494

N = 135,714

N = 67,822

N = 67,822

Demographics

    

Women

41,034 (40.4%)

60,522 (44.6%)

29,425 (43.4%)

29,425 (43.4%)

Age at index date (years)

74 (70 to 78)

73 (69 to 78)

74 (70 to 78)

74 (70 to 78)

Age groups (years)

    

 66 to 70

30,557 (30.1%)

43,652 (32.2%)

20,098 (29.6%)

20,165 (29.7%)

 71 to 75

30,966 (30.5%)

40,782 (30.0%)

20,482 (30.2%)

20,391 (30.1%)

 76 to 80

23,898 (23.5%)

29,529 (21.8%)

15,982 (23.6%)

15,779 (23.3%)

 81 to 85

11,812 (11.6%)

15,361 (11.3%)

8,101 (11.9%)

8,205 (12.1%)

 86 to 90

3,651 (3.6%)

5,294 (3.9%)

2,682 (4.0%)

2,761 (4.1%)

 91+

610 (0.6%)

1,096 (0.8%)

477 (0.7%)

521 (0.8%)

Comorbidities

    

 Chronic kidney disease

7,538 (7.4%)a

5,027 (3.7%)a

3,852 (5.7%)

3,852 (5.7%)

 Coronary artery disease

67,921 (66.9%)a

61,137 (45.0%)a

40,114 (59.1%)

40,346 (59.5%)

 Congestive heart failure

22,108 (21.8%)a

12,413 (9.1%)a

10,740 (15.8%)

10,317 (15.2%)

 Cerebrovascular disease

18,016 (17.8%)a

17,551 (12.9%)a

10,970 (16.2%)

11,097 (16.4%)

 Peripheral vascular disease

6,490 (6.4%)a

5,571 (4.1%)a

3,675 (5.4%)

3,599 (5.3%)

 COPD

5,806 (5.7%)

7,121 (5.2%)

3,789 (5.6%)

3,527 (5.2%)

 Chronic liver disease

295 (0.3%)

478 (0.4%)

200 (0.3%)

194 (0.3%)

Medications

    

 Oral hypoglycemic

21,267 (21.0%)a

10,381 (7.6%)a

8,766 (12.9%)

8,625 (12.7%)

 Insulin

6,089 (6.0%)a

2,381 (1.8%)a

2,348 (3.5%)

1,937 (2.9%)

 Anti-diabetic medicationb

25,041 (24.7%)a

12,215 (9.0%)a

10,364 (15.3%)

10,076 (14.9%)

 β-blocker

44,835 (44.2%)a

34,096 (25.1%)a

24,550 (36.2%)

24,702 (36.4%)

 Calcium channel blocker

36,659 (36.1%)a

32,859 (24.2%)a

21,630 (31.9%)

22,131 (32.6%)

 Diureticc

40,345 (39.8%)a

22,042 (16.2%)a

19,830 (29.2%)

19,595 (28.9%)

 Statin

53,915 (53.1%)a

31,691 (23.4%)a

27,348 (40.3%)

26,913 (39.7%)

Surgical characteristics

    

Type of surgery

    

 Cardiac surgery

40,694 (40.1%)a

29,475 (21.7%)a

22,222 (32.8%)

22,380 (33.0%)

 Vascular surgery

18,459 (18.2%)a

18,969 (14.0%)a

11,509 (17.0%)

11,904 (17.5%)

 Thoracic surgery

5,771 (5.7%)

10,177 (7.5%)

4,561 (6.7%)

4,176 (6.2%)

 Abdominal surgery

30,471 (30.0%)a

64,911 (47.8%)a

24,592 (36.2%)

24,630 (36.3%)

 Retro-peritoneal surgery

6,099 (6.0%)a

12,182 (9.0%)a

4,938 (7.3%)

4,732 (7.0%)

Era of surgery

    

 1995 to 1998

14,718 (14.5%)a

45,173 (33.3%)a

13,278 (19.6%)

13,647 (20.1%)

 1999 to 2001

16,900 (16.6%)a

30,122 (22.2%)a

13,457 (19.8%)

13,963 (20.6%)

 2002 to 2004

20,960 (20.7%)a

21,992 (16.2%)a

13,404 (19.8%)

13,194 (19.5%)

 2005 to 2007

23,711 (23.4%)a

19,520 (14.4%)a

13,625 (20.1%)

13,300 (19.6%)

 2008 to 2010

25,205 (24.8%)a

18,907 (13.9%)a

14,058 (20.7%)

13,718 (20.2%)

  1. ACEi: Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB: Angiotensin receptor blocker; COPD: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
  2. Data are presented as number (percent) except age at index date, which is presented as median (interquartile range). Index date is a surgical procedure date or hospital admission date (if the surgical procedure date is not available).
  3. aRepresents a standardized difference of >10% between ACEi or ARB users and non-users and we considered it as a meaningful difference [34]. Standardized difference is less sensitive to sample size compared to traditional hypothesis tests and is calculated by examining the difference between the two groups divided by the pooled standard deviation of the two groups [34].
  4. bAnti-diabetic medication includes oral hypoglycemic and insulin. cDiuretic include loop diuretic and thiazide diuretic. 3.0% (3,091/101,494) patients were on ACEi and ARB.
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