Table 3 General characteristics of study participants according to CKD stage, KNOW-CKD from 2011 to September, 2013

Total participants from 2011 to 2013

160

253

269

328

350

112

Age

42.2 ± 11.8

49.6 ± 11.9

54.8 ± 11.7

56.7 ± 10.7

57.5 ± 11

54.5 ± 11.6

< 0.001

Female

82 (51.3)

92 (36.4)

79 (29.4)

126 (38.4)

133 (38)

57 (50.9)

< 0.001

Height (cm)

165.4 ± 8.0

166.3 ± 8.5

165.3 ± 8.2

163.5 ± 8.1

164.1 ± 8.3

162.0 ± 8.8

< 0.001

Weight (kg)

64.9 ± 12.8

68.0 ± 12.5

67.6 ± 11.5

66.3 ± 10.5

65.8 ± 11.4

63.6 ± 12.1

0.005

BMI (kg/m²)

23.6 ± 3.7

24.5 ± 3.5

24.7 ± 3.3

24.8 ± 3.2

24.4 ± 3.3

24.2 ± 3.5

0.001

Waist-Hip ratio

0.87 ± 0.06

0.88 ± 0.07

0.89 ± 0.07

0.91 ± 0.07

0.91 ± 0.06

0.89 ± 0.06

< 0.001

SBP (mmHg)

126.3 ± 15.6

126.1 ± 16.1

126.3 ± 15.3

126.1 ± 15.3

129.4 ± 17.3

136.1 ± 19.8

< 0.001

DBP (mmHg)

77.6 ± 10.9

77.2 ± 11.9

76.6 ± 10.1

75.5 ± 10.4

76.1 ± 11.7

78.7 ± 11.8

0.275

Pulse Pressure (mmHg)

48.7 ± 10

48.9 ± 10.3

49.7 ± 11.8

50.5 ± 12.3

53.3 ± 12.5

57.4 ± 14.2

< 0.001

Urine ACR (mg/g cr)

< 0.001

  A1 (< 30)

53 (34.4)

71 (29.6)

41 (16.3)

37 (12.1)

15 (4.5)

2 (1.9)

  A2 (30 ~ 300)

47 (30.5)

76 (31.7)

86 (34.3)

110 (35.8)

98 (29.5)

20 (18.5)

  A3 (300≤)

54 (35.1)

93 (38.7)

124 (49.4)

160 (52.1)

219 (66)

86 (79.6)

Primary kidney disease

< 0.001

  GN

81 (51)

117 (46)

111 (41)

110 (34)

93 (27)

31 (28)

  DN

4 (3)

18 (7)

45 (17)

83 (25)

121 (35)

46 (41)

  HTN

2 (1)

18 (7)

67 (25)

91 (28)

95 (27)

21 (19)

  PKD

63 (39)

79 (31)

35 (13)

30 (9)

30 (9)

12 (11)

  Unclassified

10 (6)

21 (8)

11 (4)

14 (4)

11 (3)

2 (2)

Comorbid disease

  Coronary artery disease

4 (2.5)

7 (2.8)

24 (9)

30 (9.2)

36 (10.4)

6 (5.4)

< 0.001

  Peripheral vascular disease

1 (0.6)

2 (0.8)

4 (1.5)

1 (0.3)

13 (3.7)

1 (0.9)

0.010

  Cerebrovascluar disease

4 (2.5)

13 (5.2)

29 (10.9)

30 (9.2)

40 (11.5)

9 (8.1)

0.004

  Diabetes

19 (11.9)

46 (18.3)

73 (27.3)

118 (36.3)

156 (45)

50 (45)

< 0.001

  Hypertension

126 (78.8)

217 (86.1)

241 (90.3)

305 (93.8)

331 (95.4)

105 (94.6)

< 0.001

  Congestive heart failure

0 (0)

0 (0)

1 (0.4)

3 (0.9)

10 (2.9)

1 (0.9)

0.007

  Arrhythmia

1 (0.6)

5 (2)

8 (3)

8 (2.5)

7 (2)

2 (1.8)

0.701

Creatinine (mg/dL)

0.71 ± 0.14

1.00 ± 0.18

1.33 ± 0.18

1.75 ± 0.27

2.68 ± 0.61

4.75 ± 1.36

< 0.001

Cystatin C (mg/L)

0.76 ± 0.15

1.00 ± 0.20

1.33 ± 0.24

1.76 ± 0.33

2.60 ± 0.52

3.89 ± 0.70

< 0.001

eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m²)

  MDRD

109.4 ± 20.2

73 ± 8.6

52.1 ± 4.4

37 ± 4.2

23.2 ± 4.3

11.8 ± 2.3

< 0.001

  CKD-EPI cr (2009)

110.9 ± 10.4

80.7 ± 10.9

55.8 ± 5.5

38.9 ± 4.8

23.8 ± 4.7

11.9 ± 2.5

< 0.001

Hemoglobin (g/dL)

14 ± 1.4

13.9 ± 1.7

13.5 ± 1.8

12.8 ± 1.8

11.7 ± 1.5

10.6 ± 1.2

< 0.001

P (mg/dL)

3.5 ± 0.6

3.5 ± 0.6

3.5 ± 0.5

3.6 ± 0.6

3.9 ± 0.6

4.7 ± 0.7

< 0.001

hsCRP (mg/L)

1 ± 2.3

1.8 ± 3.9

2.2 ± 6.4

1.7 ± 3

3.1 ± 8.1

1.9 ± 3.8

< 0.001

Intact PTH (pg/mL)

40.2 ± 17.7

38.8 ± 14.2

53.2 ± 30.2

55.7 ± 21

92.4 ± 41.8

220 ± 118.3

< 0.001

25D (ng/mL)

15.8 ± 4.8

18.9 ± 6.7

19.3 ± 7.7

18.7 ± 7.3

18.2 ± 8.2

17.1 ± 7.8

< 0.001

1,25D (pg/mL)

30.5 ± 7.6

30.8 ± 7.3

28.5 ± 7.5

26.9 ± 5.8

23.5 ± 5.3

24.7 ± 7.4

< 0.001

Cardiac parameters

  Mean baPWV (cm/s)

1313.4 ± 189.3

1419.4 ± 239.4

1502 ± 303.6

1587 ± 329.4

1637 ± 417.6

1629.8 ± 369.2

< 0.001

  LVMI (g/m²) (Echocardiography)

85.5 ± 23

86.2 ± 23.1

89.9 ± 23.9

96.1 ± 25.2

104.1 ± 31.2

109.6 ± 39.6

< 0.001

  Coronary Ca score

44.2 ± 225.7

101.1 ± 313.1

230.7 ± 705.3

219.5 ± 599.1

252.9 ± 634.9

241.9 ± 644.6

< 0.001

  Troponin T (ng/mL)

0.006 ± 0.003

0.008 ± 0.004

0.011 ± 0.006

0.016 ± 0.015

0.024 ± 0.024

0.031 ± 0.030

< 0.001

  Valve calcification (Echocardiography)

12 (7.6)

31 (12.6)

39 (15.3)

75 (23.5)

75 (22.5)

30 (28)

< 0.001