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Table 1 Socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of individuals with and without Chronic Kidney Disease

From: Prevalence, determinants, and management of chronic kidney disease in Karachi, Pakistan - a community based cross-sectional study

Characteristics

Total (n = 2873)

No CKD 2514 (87.4)

CKD* 359 (12.5)

P-value

Age in years, mean ± SD

51.5 ± 10.7

50.5 ± 10.0

58.8 ± 12.3

<0.001

Women, n (%)

1499 (52.2)

1299 (51.7)

200 (55.7)

0.152

Education, n (%)

    

  No education

992 (34.5)

832 (33.1)

160 (44.6)

<0.001

  Primary & middle

929 (32.3)

813 (32.3)

116 (32.3)

 

  Secondary & higher secondary

622 (21.6)

565 (22.5)

57 (15.9)

 

  Graduate and above

330 (11.5)

304 (12.1)

26 (7.2)

 

Tobacco use, n (%)

    

  Current users

1113 (38.7)

980 (39.0)

133 (37.0)

0.003

  Past users

280 (9.7)

227 (9.0)

53 (14.8)

 

  Never users

1480 (51.5)

1307 (52.0)

173 (48.2)

 

Employed in any occupation, n (%)

1209 (42.1)

1115 (44.4)

94 (26.2)

<0.001

Physical Activity, METs < 840, n (%)

1725 (60.0)

1473 (58.6)

252 (70.2)

<0.001

Hypertension, n (%)║§

1267 (44.9)

1013 (41.0)

254 (72.2)

<0.001

Diabetes Mellitus, n (%)†

615 (21.4)

465 (18.5)

150 (41.8)

<0.001

History of CHD, n (%)††

246 (8.6)

203 (8.1)

43 (12.0)

0.013

History of stroke, n (%)

88 (3.1)

59 (2.3)

29 (8.1)

<0.001

Weight in Kg, mean ± SD

64.8 ± 14.4

65.0 ± 14.3

63.4 ± 14.6

0.063

Body mass index, mean ± SD║

25.8 ± 5.5

25.8 ± 5.5

25.7 ± 5.1

0.767

Systolic BP, mean ± SD

137 ± 24

135 ± 22

153 ± 27

<0.001

Diastolic BP, mean ± SD

86 ± 13

85 ± 12

91 ± 15

<0.001

Fasting plasma glucose, mean ± SD‡

6.4 ± 2.8

6.2 ± 2.6

7.7 ± 3.8

<0.001

Serum Cholesterol, mean ± SD‡

4.9 ± 1.0

4.8 ± 1.0

5.0 ± 1.2

0.003

LDL, mean ± SD‡

3.0 ± 0.8

3.0 ± 0.8

3.1 ± 1.0

0.087

HDL, mean ± SD‡

1.0 ± 0.3

1.0 ± 0.3

1.1 ± 0.3

0.196

Triglycerides, mean ± SD‡

1.8 ± 1.1

1.8 ± 1.1

2.0 ± 1.2

<0.001

eGFR, median (25th –75th percentiles)

92.8 (82.7 – 101.5)

94.6 (85.9 – 102.1)

68.2 (52.1 – 92.5)

0.001

UACR, median (25th –75th percentiles)

0.58 (0.38 – 1.07)

0.53 (0.36 – 0.83)

6.24 (3.46 – 19.60)

<0.001

  1. CKD = Chronic Kidney Disease; METs = Metabolic Equivalents; CHD = Coronary Heart Disease; BP = Blood Pressure; LDL = Low Density Lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL = High Density Lipoprotein cholesterol; UACR = Urinary Albumin to Creatinine Ratio.
  2. *CKD is defined as the eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 estimated by CKD-EPIPK (0.686 × CKD-EPI1.059) or urinary albumin to creatinine ratio (UACR) ≥3 mg/mmol.
  3. ║Missing observations: for hypertension status 50 were missing and for BMI 2 were missing.
  4. §Hypertension was defined as persistent elevation of SBP ≥140 mm Hg or DBP ≥90 mm Hg on the basis of average of last two of three readings measured 5 minutes apart at each visit, on two separate occasions, or taking antihypertensive medications.
  5. †Diabetes defined as fasting blood glucose ≥ 7.0 mmol/L or on anti-diabetic medications.
  6. ††CHD was defined as self-reported history of coronary heart disease.
  7. ‡Reported in SI units (mmol/L).
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BMC Nephrology

ISSN: 1471-2369

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