Table 3 Comparison of REE, Inflammation and Oxidative Stress Markers in Smokers and Non-smokers

REE/kg body wt.

21.0 (19.7 – 22.3)

24.3 (22.3 – 26.2)

3.26 (0.87 – 5.6)

0.009

Respiratory Quotient

0.85 (0.83 – 0.87)

0.81 (0.78 – 0.85)

NS

Oxidative Stress Makers

Plasma malondialdehyde (μM/L)

0.94 (0.79 – 1.08)

1.20 (0.98 – 1.41)

0.26 (0.0 – 0.52)

0.05

Urine malondialdehyde/urine creatinine ratio (μM/g creatinine)

3.36 (2.44 – 4.28)

6.33 (4.95 – 7.72)

2.97 (1.31 – 4.64)

0.001

Plasma total carbonyl (DU)

0.818 (0.728 – 0.908)

0.791 (0.658 – 0.924)

NS

Urine total carbonyl (DU)

0.454 (0.336 – 0.571)

0.444 (0.270 – 0.617)

NS

Plasma albumin carbonyl (DU)

1.425 (1.278 – 1.572)

1.441 (1.225 – 1.658)

NS

Urine albumin carbonyl (DU)

0.598 (0.438 – 0.758)

0.591 (0.356 – 0.827)

NS

Inflammation Markers

White blood cell count (number/μL)

7897 (6885 – 8908)

9139 (7647 – 10,631)

NS

C-reactive protein (mg/dL)

0.80 (0.37 – 1.23)

1.77 (1.13 – 2.40)

0.97 (0.21 – 1.74)

0.014

Interleukin-6 (pg/mL)

2.13 (1.48 – 2.78)

3.28 (2.31 – 4.25)

1.15 (-0.02 – 2.32)

0.053

Tumor necrosis factor-α (pg/mL)

4.05 (3.05 – 5.05)

3.89 (2.40 – 5.38)

NS

MCP-1/Creatinine (pg/mg)

398 (288 – 508)

399 (228 – 569)

NS

Other variables

HbA1C (%)

7.46 (6.64 – 8.27)

8.73 (7.52 – 9.94)

NS

Plasma glucose (mg/dL)

132 (110 – 153)

168 (136 – 200)

NS

Protein nitrogen appearance rate (g/kg/d)

0.76 (0.68 – 0.83)

0.81 (0.71 – 0.92)

NS

Iothalamate clearance (mL/min/1.73 m²)

29.1 (19.6 – 38.6)

46.7 (32.7 – 60.6)

17.6 (0.7 – 34.6)

0.042

24 hour urine protein (mg/d)

3384 (2180 – 4588)

4189 (2410 – 5967)

NS

Thyroid stimulating hormone

2.32 (1.87 – 2.78)

2.04 (1.37 – 2.71)

NS