Table 1 Clinical studies investigating the effects astaxanthin
Study | Dosage | Duration of supplementation | Findings |
|---|---|---|---|
Iwamoto et al. 2000 [27] | Different doses: 1.8, 3.6, 14.4, 21.6 mg/day | 2 weeks | Inhibition of LDL oxidation |
Mercke Odeberg et al. 2003 [49] | 40 mg | Single dose | Enhanced bioavailability with lipid based formulation |
Spiller et al. 2003 [36] | 6 mg/day (3 × 2 mg tablets/day) | 8 weeks | Safety demonstrated in humans over 8 weeks |
Comhaire et al. 2005 [32] | 16 mg/day | 12 weeks | Improved sperm parameters |
Bloomer et al. 2005 [33] | 4 mg/day | 12 weeks | No effect on muscle injury |
Andersen et al. 2007 [35] | 40 mg/day | 8 weeks | No effect on H pylori density or gastric inflammation |
Karppi et al. 2007 [34] | 8 mg/day | 12 weeks | Intestinal absorption adequate with Capsules. Decreases oxidation of fatty acids |
Kupcinskas et al. 2008 [30] | 16 mg or 40 mg/day | 4 weeks | Greater reduction in reflux symptoms in 40 mg treated patients and more pronounced if H pylori positive |
Parisi et al. 2008 [31] | 4 mg/day | 12 months | Improved central retinal dysfunction in age related macular degeneration when administered with other antioxidants |