Table 2 Nutritional markers as per appetite ratings

Anthropometry and physical status

Weight (kg)

58.51 ± 14.0

68.50^{d, e} (54.40–72.00)

58.40^{d, f} (49.10–66.90)

54.40^{e, f} (45.98–60.50)

54.20 (45.33–62.28)

<0.001

BMI (kg/m²)

23.16 ± 4.71

25.80^{d, e} (23.26–27.30)

22.49^d (19.47–26.76)

21.76^e (19.11–24.85)

21.12 (19.30–24.46)

0.002

MAC (cm)

27.06 ± 3.77

28.55^d (24.98–30.23)

28.60^e (24.80–30.85)

25.85^{d, e} (23.38–28.35)

25.25 (22.24–27.40)

0.003

TSF (mm)

14.04 ± 5.95

14.00^d (11.58–19.58)

13.00 (9.70–18.70)

11.95^d (8.90–16.75)

12.50 (9.17–14.30)

NS

MAMC (cm)

22.83 ± 3.66

23.76^d (21.58–25.63)

23.09^e (20.79–26.13)

21.02^{d, e} (19.52–24.40)

19.53 (18.51–23.98)

0.017

MAMA (cm²)

33.74 ± 13.62

34.89^d (27.77–42.27)

32.50^e (25.18–44.32)

28.23^{d, e} (22.53–37.58)

23.01 (19.47–36.05)

0.032

LTM (kg)

31.14 ± 9.18

35.30^{d, e} (29.53–37.53)

30.70^f (23.95–39.85)

28.10^{d, f} (23.05–33.85)

24.90^e (22.93–30.83)

0.004

FM (kg)

19.89 ± 9.56

23.05 (14.75–28.58)

19.40 (11.15–26.05)

16.60 (13.08–24.23)

18.05 (11.35–25.73)

NS

HGS (kg)

16.91 ± 7.79

17.00 (12.00–22.50)

16.00 (12.00–24.00)

16.00 (10.00–20.00)

13.00 (8.00–16.00)

NS

Serum chemistry

Urea (mmol/L)

19.55 ± 6.27

20.10^d (16.30–24.93)

19.70^{e, f} (17.30–23.50)

18.05^{e, g} (15.30–23.13)

15.10^{d, f, g} (9.60–16.75)

0.007

Creatinine (μmol/L)

864 ± 238

903^{d, e} (801–1121)

901^{f, g} (743–1078)

822^{d, f} (690–946)

743^{e, g} (505–833)

0.005

Albumin (g/L)

37.87 ± 4.72

38.00 (34.50–41.00)

38.00 (35.00–42.00)

37.00 (34.75–41.00)

35.00 (32.25–42.25)

NS

Total protein (g/L)

75 ± 6

76 (72–82)

75 (70–78)

74 (71–79)

76 (67–79)

NS

Hemoglobin (g/dL)

10.96 ± 1.71

10.70 (9.45–12.10)

11.40 (10.10–12.30)

10.8 (9.90–11.83)

10.45 (7.18–12.70)

NS

hsCRP (mg/L)

8.24 ± 17.92

3.34^d (1.92–5.64)

4.63^e (1.16–8.48)

3.16^f (1.33–7.89)

15.17 ^{d, e, f} (10.18–65.05)

0.016

Dietary assessment

Energy (kcal/day)

1390 ± 384

1617^{d ,e, f} (1222–1766)

1408^{d, g} (1151–1638)

1311^{e, h} (1084–1552)

857^{f, g, h} (599–1340)

0.002

Protein (g/day)

56.17 ± 21.26

61.91^{d, e, f} (50.92–76.51)

54.28^{d, g} (43.27–67.65)

51.72^{e, h} (38.24–70.31)

29.5^{f, g, h} (19.92–36.80)

0.001

Energy (kcal/kg IBW)

23.12 ± 6.94

22.81^d (18.02–27.18)

21.98^e (18.57–27.22)

23.62^f (18.43–27.53)

14.34 ^{d, e, f} (11.69–19.82)

0.049

Protein (g/day IBW)

0.94 ± 0.39

0.89^d (0.65–1.25)

0.85^e (0.69–1.08)

0.87^f (0.66–1.19)

0.45^{d, e, f} (0.39–0.65)

0.010

EI:BMR

1.07 ± 0.30

1.03^d (0.84–1.30)

1.02^e (0.86–1.30)

1.07^f (0.87–1.24)

0.66^{d, e, f} (0.54–0.89)

0.039

Nutritional status measures

DMS score

11.91 ± 2.66

10.50^{d, f} (10.00–13.00)

11.00^{e, g} (10.00–13.00)

12.00^{d, e} (10.00–14.00)

14.00^{f, g} (12.50–18.25)

<0.001

MIS score

6.55 ± 3.22

4.50^{d, f} (3.00–6.25)

6.00^{e, g} (4.00–8.00)

7.00^{d, e} (5.00–9.00)

9.50^{f, g} (7.00–11.50)

<0.001

Quality of life measures

SF-36 PCS

64.36 ± 16.65

68.70^d (60.25–75.50)

75.00^e (60.00–80.00)

61.25^{d, e} (47.75–68.70)

69.35 (28.50–74.25)

<0.001

SF-36 MCS

70.42 ± 15.16

76.95^{d, f} (71.53–84.50)

78.00^e (67.00–83.40)

68.15^{d, e} (54.92–74.00)

69.27^f (60.90–73.45)

<0.001

SF-36 Total score

70.49 ± 15.67

76.16^d (71.20–82.22)

80.04^e (66.92–85.25)

64.66^{d, e} (53.44–75.85)

74.07 (49.78–79.88)

<0.001