Table 1 Characteristics of participants by sex in the Bellville South cohort

N

902

211

691

Age, years (SD)

55 (15)

56 (15)

53 (14)

0.068

Body mass index, kg/m² (SD)

29.9 (7.2)

26.2 (6.2)

31.0 (7.1)

<0.0001

Waist circumference, cm (SD)

97 (15)

94 (15)

98 (15)

0.002

Hypertension, n (%)

449 (49.8)

104 (49.3)

346 (49.9)

0.871

Diabetes, n (%)

252 (27.9)

63 (29.8)

189 (27.3)

0.478

Statin use, n (%)

45 (5.0)

16 (7.6)

29 (4.2)

0.048

Smoking, n (%)

363 (40.2)

108 (51.2)

255 (36.9)

0.0002

Systolic blood pressure, mmHg (SD)

123 (19)

127 (18)

122 (19)

0.004

Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg (SD)

75 (12)

76 (12)

74 (13)

0.041

Height, m (SD)

1.59 (0.09)

1.68 (0.08)

1.56 (0.07)

<0.0001

Fasting blood glucose, mmol/L (SD)

6.4 (3.1)

6.6 (3.8)

6.4 (2.8)

0.355

HbA1c, % (SD)

6.3 (1.4)

6.4 (1.7)

6.2 (1.3)

0.307

Total cholesterol, mmol/L (SD)

5.6 (1.2)

5.3 (1.1)

5.7 (1.2)

<0.0001

High density lipoprotein cholesterol, mmol/L (SD)

1.3 (0.3)

1.2 (0.3)

1.3 (0.3)

0.0009

Weight, kg (SD)

75 (18)

74 (17)

75 (18)

0.175

Triglyceride, mmol/L (SD)

1.5 (0.9)

1.5 (0.9)

1.5 (0.9)

0.543

Creatinine, μmol/l (SD)

83 (20)

94 (20)

80 (19)

<0.0001

Median urinary albumin/creatinine (ACR), mg/mmol [25^th-75^th percentiles]

0.73 [0.41-1.56]

0.67 [0.32-1.82]

0.75 [0.44-1.50]

0.126

Albuminuria (ACR > =30), n (%)

21 (2.3)

4 (1.2)

17 (2.5)

0.634

Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR, MDRD), ml/min/1.73 m² (SD)

71.5 (19.4)

76.6 (20.2)

69.9 (18.8)

<0.0001

Chronic kidney disease (CKD, eGFR (MDRD) < 60), n (%)

259 (28.7)

42 (19.9)

217 (31.4)

0.001

CKD (eGFR (MDRD) < 60 and/or albuminuria), n (%)

268 (29.7)

42 (19.9)

226 (32.7)

0.0004

eGFR (CKD-EPI), ml/min/1.73 m² (SD)

77.5 (20.6)

80.7 (19.9)

76.6 (20.8)

0.011

Chronic kidney disease (CKD, eGFR (CKD-EPI) < 60), n (%)

186 (20.6)

35 (16.6)

151 (21.8)

0.098

CKD (eGFR (CKD-EPI) < 60 and/or albuminuria), n (%)

196 (21.7)

35 (16.6)

161 (23.3)

0.038