Table 1 Characteristics of participants with and without chronic kidney disease (CKD) in CRONICAS-CKD pilot study

Sociodemographics

Age, year

53.5 (43.6–63.2)

59.6 (50.5–69.2)

<0.01

Male, n (%)

182 (54.2)

21 (30.9)

<0.01

Location, n (%)

  Lima

161 (47.9)

42 (61.8)

0.04

  Tumbes

175 (52.1)

26 (38.2)

Education (yrs), n (%)

<0.01

  Primary or less

138 (41.1)

41 (60.3)

  Secondary

139 (41.4)

14 (20.6)

  Higher than secondary

59 (17.6)

13 (19.1)

Wealth index, n (%)

0.17

  Low

67 (19.9)

7 (10.3)

  Medium

134 (39.9)

30 (44.1)

  High

135 (40.2)

31 (45.6)

Smoking, n (%)

0.20

  Never

158 (47.0)

40 (58.8)

  Former

132 (39.3)

20 (29.4)

  Current

46 (13.7)

8 (11.8)

Alcohol, n (%)

0.56

  Yes

150 (44.6)

33 (48.5)

  No

186 (55.4)

35 (51.5)

Comorbidities and laboratory findings

Diabetes Mellitus, n (%)

27 (8.0)

13 (19.1)

<0.01

Fasting glucose, mg/dL

93 (87–101)

96 (87–109)

<0.01

HbA1c, %

5.7 (5.5–6.0)

5.9 (5.6–6.4)

<0.01

Hypertension, n (%)

89 (26.5)

29 (42.7)

<0.01

Obesity, n (%)

112 (33.3)

22 (32.4)

0.88

Body mass index, kg/m²

28.1 (25.3–31.3)

27.3 (24.3–31.1)

0.55

Total cholesterol, mg/dL

201 (178.5–227)

203 (184–247.5)

0.06

Urine creatinine, mg/dL

100.8 (68.1–145.2)

55.4 (39.6–104.4)

<0.01

Protein-creatinine ratio, mg/g

79.9 (59.7–103.7)

204.6 (169.8–324.6)

<0.01

eGFR , ml/min/1.73 m2

99.8 (89.1–109.2)

98.1 (80.5–107.3)

<0.01

hs-CRP mg/L

2.2 (1.0–4.3)

2.0 (1.3–4.2)

0.65

HOMA-IR

1.96 (1.15–3.35)

2.18 (1.12–3.67)

0.01

HOMA-β

102.1 (59.8–162.8)

93.2 (55.7–136.1)

0.80

Framingham risk score, n (%)

0.15

  Low

166 (49.4)

25 (36.8)

  Intermediate

100 (29.8)

24 (35.3)

  High

70 (20.8)

19 (27.9)