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Table 2 Creatinine adjusted and unadjusted median urinary concentrations of heavy metals and glyphosate (minimum and maximum values are given in the parenthesis)
| Element (Reference range μg/L a) | Creatinine unadjusted (μg/L) | Creatinine adjusted (μg/g creatinine) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SAN patients (group 1) | Controls Endemic (group 2) | Controls non-endemic (group 3) | SAN patients (group 1) | Controls Endemic (group 2) | Controls non-endemic (group 3) | |
| Al (0-20) | 8.8 (4.6-32.2) | 14.7 (3.6-32.4) | 6.8 (3.8-28.4) | 19.8 (7.5-89.4) | 9.3 (2.6-16.3) | 5.3 (2.8-28.7) |
| Sb (0-1) | 3.6 (3.5-3.9) | 4.9 (4.4-11) | 2.2 (1.6-2.9) | 8.2 (3.5-10.3) | 3.2 (1.6-12.1) | 1.7 (1.3-2.6) |
| As (0-35) | 37.5 (11.1-130.3) | 102.0 (14.9-187.8) | 29.2 (15.2-40.2) | 89.3 (21.6-136.6) | 56.2 (17.6-160.5) | 21. (11.4-40.2) |
| Ba (NA) | 4.4 (2.9-10.9) | 16.5 (7.2-177.9) | 33.9 (1.9-7.8) | 9.5 (4.5-14.4) | 13.7 (5.2-66.4) | 2.7 (1.4-7.9) |
| Cd (0-1.3) | 2.5 (2.2-3.1) | 4.6 (4.1-6.9) | 1.9 (1.1-2.2) | 5.5 (2.2-8.6) | 3.0 (1.7-8.1) | 1.3 (1.0-2.0) |
| Cr (NA) | 22.5 (17.1-52.7) | 42.9 (15-77.3) | 18.1 (11.5-35.6) | 50.3 (17.3-146.4) | 27.1 (10.8-52.0) | 13.7 (9.3-36.0) |
| Co (0-1.9) | 2.5 (1.6-3.5) | 4.7 (2.4-5.9) | 1.6 (0.9-2.9) | 5.9 (1.6-9.2) | 3.3 (1.5-7.8) | 1.5 (0.7-2.1) |
| Cu (15-60) | 20.7 (9.6-104.5) | 35.9 (11.2-56.1) | 13.8 (8.5-39.7) | 46.0 (9.7-160.8) | 19.6 (4.6-61.6) | 10.9 (5.5-29.8) |
| Fe (100-300) | 117.2 (28.4-636.3) | 622.2 (248.5-1767) | 135.1 (69.6-287.5) | 250.5 (55.7-1767.5) | 513.8 (171.4-965.8) | 106.6 (49.1-290.4) |
| Pb (0-4) | 11.8 (11.5-14.2) | 20.0 (18.4-24.5) | 9.0 (7.8-9.9) | 26.5 (11.6-39.4) | 12.9 (7.2-23.3) | 6.9 (5.7-9.6) |
| Mn (0.1-0.9) | 2.2 (1.5-6.6) | 5.9 (3.5-115.1) | 1.6 (1.3-4.2) | 4.9 (1.6-18.3) | 4.2 (2.2-42.9) | 1.3 (0.8-4.2) |
| Mo (6-190) | 47.8 (25-213) | 98.8 (38-211.8) | 50.1 (20.7-187.6) | 108.6 (25.3-591.7) | 80.9 (14.2-176.8) | 33.9 (16.7-189.5) |
| Ni (0-6) | 5.6 (1.7-24.1) | 10.1 (2.6-25.2) | 4.7 (1.3-11.5) | 12.8 (1.7-66.9) | 7.2 (1.9-18.6) | 3.4 (1.0-11.6) |
| Se (0-50) | 13.1 (9.7-33.1) | 22.8 (10.7-52.4) | 11.3 (6.6-27.5) | 26.6 (16.9-88.9) | 18.5 (4.9-34.1) | 8.7 (4.5-24.6) |
| Sr (NA) | 102.3 (26.2-368.2) | 471.6 (147.7-940.1) | 82.9 (26.2-187.2) | 191.2 (51.4-1022.8) | 304.1 (106.3-514.4) | 63.7 (16.6-189.1) |
| Sn (NA) | 30.0(29.6-39.2) | 37.0 (36.4-39.4) | 47.7 (38.7-57.4) | 68.7 (30.4-95.6) | 24.6 (13.2-63.2) | 35.7 (27.5-51.3) |
| Ti (0-2) | 122.9 (69.9-807.4) | 300.0 (38.3-803.1) | 124.5 (60.2-604.1) | 251.1 (119.8-2242.8) | 291.1 (14.3-553.9) | 91.9 (38.1-231.3) |
| V (0-1) | 20.0 (13.4-59.3) | 44.9 (18.5-188.7) | 18.1 (14.2-24.5) | 44.4 (13.5-164.7) | 31.6 (13.3-70.4) | 13.07 (10.8-20.0) |
| Zn (300-600) | 194.7 (139.2-430.1) | 344.6 (32.5-756.6) | 203.0 (145.6-277.6) | 403.9 (203.8-1194.7) | 326.7 (192.2-435.6) | 144.0 (94.5-280.4) |
| Glyphosate (NA) | 56.8 (28.2- >80) | 73.5 (40.2- > 80) | 3.3 (1.2-5.5) | 127.6 (61.0-195.1) | 82.6 (17.1-195.1) | 2.4 (0.8-4.4) |
