Table 1 Baseline clinical characteristics by sex and urban/rural location

n (%)

439 (100)

320 (72.9)

119 (27.1)

Mean age, years (95 % CI)

47.0 (42.5-51.6)

51.0 (49.1-52.9)

36.5 (32.6-40.3)

<0.0001

0.007

Men, n; % (95 % CI)

185; 42.1 (35.6-48.7)

127; 39.7 (33.0-46.4)

58; 48.7 (37.3-60.2)

0.154

NA

History of renal disease, n; % (95 % CI)

<0.0001

0.640

Yes

1; 0.2 (0.0-0.7)

0

1; 0.8 (0.0-1.7)

No

83; 18.9 (0.0-38.1)

12; 3.8 (1.9-5.6)

71; 59.7 (38.7-80.6)

Don’t know

355; 80.9 (61.3-100.0)

308; 96.2 (94.4-98.1)

47; 39.5 (17.8-61.1)

History of hypertension, n; % (95 % CI)

<0.0001

0.712

Yes

47; 10.7 (8.3-13.1)

33; 10.3 (7.3-13.3)

14; 11.8 (9.7-13.8)

No

247; 56.3 (46.5-66.1)

148; 46.3 (43.9-48.5)

99; 83.2 (76.6-89.7)

Don’t know

145; 33.0 (22.4-43.6)

139; 43.4 (40.4-46.4)

6; 5.0 (0.0-11.8)

History of diabetes, n; % (95 % CI)

<0.001

0.835

Yes

26; 5.9 (2.7-9.1)

23; 7.2 (3.8-10.5)

3; 2.5 (0.0-6.6)

No

226; 51.5 (38.3-64.7)

122; 38.1 (35.0-41.3)

104; 87.4 (81.2-93.6)

Don’t know

187; 42.6 (31.1-54.1)

175; 54.7 (51.6-57.8)

12; 10.1 (6.0-14.2)

History of gout, n; % (95 % CI)

<0.001

0.063

Yes

5; 1.1 (0.6-1.7)

4; 1.3 (0.6-1.9)

1; 0.8 (0.0-1.7)

No

187; 42.6 (26.6-58.6)

84; 26.3 (22.8-29.7)

103; 86.6 (80.5-92.6)

Don’t know

247; 56.3 (40.2-72.3)

232; 72.5 (69.0-76.0)

15; 12.6 (6.2-19.0)

Tobacco use currently or formerly, n; % (95 % CI)

41; 9.3 (7.5-11.2)

34; 10.6 (8.5-12.7)

7; 5.9 (4.5-7.3)

<0.0001

0.009

Alcohol use currently or formerly, n; % (95 % CI)

262; 59.7 (51.3-68.1)

211; 65.9 (60.7-71.1)

51; 42.9 (27.6-58.1)

0.003

0.001

Longstanding use of herbal medicine, n; % (95 % CI)

399; 90.9 (83.8-97.9)

312; 97.5 (96.1-98.9)

87; 73.1 (65.6-80.6)

<0.0001

0.090

Longstanding use of street medications, n; % (95 % CI)

384; 87.5 (77.3-97.7)

306; 95.6 (93.9-97.4)

78; 65.5 (51.6-79.4)

<0.0001

0.064

Mean systolic blood pressure, mmHg (95 % CI)

119.5 (117.0-122.1)

121.2 (119.5-122.9)

115.0 (111.6-118.5)

0.015

0.163

Mean diastolic blood pressure, mmHg (95 % CI)

77.9 (77.0-78.9)

78.1 (77.0-79.3)

77.4 (76.0-78.8)

0.543

0.253

Any hypertension, n (%)

112; 25.5 (22.3-28.7)

92; 28.8 (25.7-31.8)

20; 16.8 (13.0-20.6)

<0.0001

0.077

Mean body mass index, kg/m² (95 % CI)

26.0 (25.7-26.4)

26.0 (25.6-26.4)

26.2 (25.5-26.8)

0.711

0.004

BMI ≥ 25, n; % (95 % CI)

234; 53.3 (49.5-57.1)

169; 52.8 (49.5-56.1)

65; 54.6 (45.6-63.6)

0.696

0.102

Mean waist girth, cm (95 % CI)

88.4 (87.2-89.7)

89.2 (88.0-90.4)

86.3 (84.8-87.9)

0.021

0.277

Mean fasting glycemia, g/l (95 % CI)

0.92 (0.88-0.96)

0.93 (0.88-0.97)

0.91 (0.87-0.95)

0.539

0.387

Any diabetes, n; % (95 % CI)

43; 9.8 (6.6-13.0)

34; 10.6 (7.2-14.0)

9; 7.6 (2.1-13.1)

0.370

0.976