Table 3 Characteristics according to the presence/absence of chronic kidney disease with glomerular filtration rate and albuminuria categories

n (%)

381 (86.8)

58 (13.2)

428 (97.5)

11 (2.5)

386 (87.9)

53 (12.1)

Sex (Men), n; % (95 % CI)

166; 43.6 (36.7-50.5)

19; 32.8 (20.5-45.0)

0.094

185; 43.2 (36.9-49.5)

0

<0.0001

166 (36.2-49.8)

19; 35.8 (23.7-48.0)

0.230

Rural residence, n; % (95 % CI)

275; 72.2 (47.8-96.6)

45; 77.6 (56.7-98.5)

0.432

315; 73.6 (50.2-97.0)

5; 45.5 (0.0-92.3)

0.077

275; 71.2 (46.5-96.0)

45; 84.9 (70.81-99.0)

0.047

Mean age, years (95 % CI)

46.5 (41.5-51.5)

50.2 (46.7-53.8)

0.191

46.9 (42.4-51.5)

50.6 (40.9-60.3)

0.413

46.5 (41.5-51.5)

50.7 (46.8-54.5)

0.193

History of hypertension, n; % (95 % CI)

0.001

0.766

<0.0001

Yes

34; 8.9 (6.1-11.7)

13; 22.4 (12.7-32.1)

42; 9.8 (7.4-12.2)

5; 45.5 (16.6-74.3)

35; 9.1 (6.4-11.7)

12; 22.6 (12.2-33.1)

No

226; 59.3 (49.7-69.0)

21; 36.2 (26.3-46.1)

242; 56.5 (47.0-66.1)

5; 45.5 (17.7-73.2)

230; 59.6 (49.6-69.5)

17; 32.1 (24.0-40.1)

Don’t know

121; 31.8 (21.1-42.4)

24; 41.4 (27.1-55.6)

144; 33.6 (23.0-44.3)

1; 9.1 (0.0-28.2)

121; 31.3 (20.6-42.1)

24; 45.3 (31.4-59.1)

History of diabetes, n; % (95 % CI)

0.017

0.662

0.003

Yes

16; 4.2 (0.9-7.5)

10; 17.2 (6.5-27.9)

23; 5.4 (2.4-8.4)

3; 27.3 (0.0-60.1)

16; 4.1 (0.8-7.5)

10; 18.9 (8.0-29.7)

No

206; 54.1 (40.8-67.3)

20; 48.3 (19.1-49.8)

219; 51.2 (38.2-64.1)

7; 63.6 (28.4-98.8)

211; 54.7 (41.1-68.2)

15; 28.3 (17.1-39.5)

Don’t know

159; 41.7 (29.6-53.9)

28; 48.3 (34.6-61.9)

186; 43.5 (31.9-55.0)

1; 9.1 (0.0-28.2)

159; 41.2 (28.8-53.6)

28; 52.8 (40.1-65.6)

History of gout, n; % (95 % CI)

0.009

0.566

0.0002

Yes

4; 1.0 (0.4-1.7)

1; 1.7 (1.0-2.4)

5; 1.2 (0.6-1.7)

0

4; 1.0 (0.4-1.7)

1; 1.9 (1.2-2.6)

No

169; 44.4 (28.2-60.5)

18; 31.0 (14.9-47.2)

181; 42.3 (26.6-58.0)

6; 54.5 (7.7-100)

174; 45.1 (28.5-61.6)

13; 24.5 (12.9-36.2)

Don’t know

208; 54.6 (38.2-71.0)

39; 67.2 (51.4-83.1)

242; 56.5 (40.7-72.3)

5; 45.5 (0.0-92.3)

208; 53.9 (37.2-70.6)

39; 73.6 (62.1-85.1)

Tobacco use, n; % (95 % CI)

38; 10.0 (8.0-12.0)

3; 5.2 (0.8-9.5)

0.071

41; 9.6 (7.7-11.5)

0

<0.0001

38; 9.8 (7.8-11.9)

3; 5.7 (1.0-10.3)

0.129

Alcohol use, n; % (95 % CI)

231; 60.6 (51.5-69.8)

31; 53.4 (39.5-67.4)

0.310

259; 60.5 (51.9-69.1)

3; 27.3 (0.0-57.0)

0.068

234; 60.6 (51.3-70.0)

28; 52.8 (38.6-67.1)

0.300

Longstanding use of herbal medicine, n; % (95 % CI)

341; 89.5 (81.5-97.5)

58; 100 (100–100)

<0.0001

388; 90.7 (83.4-97.9)

11; 100 (100–100)

<0.0001

346; 89.6 (81.8-97.4)

53; 100 (100–100)

<0.0001

Longstanding use of street medications, n; % (95 % CI)

330; 86.6 (81.5-97.5)

54; 93.1 (85.7-100.0)

0.007

373; 87.1 (76.7-97.6)

11; 100 (100–100)

<0.0001

335; 86.8 (76.4-97.2)

49; 92.5 (84.1-100.0)

0.025

Mean systolic blood pressure, mmHg (95 % CI)

118.6 (116.6-120.6)

125.6 (118.3-133.0)

0.053

119.3 (117.1-121.5)

128.3 (103.0-153.5)

0.457

118.5 (116.2-120.7)

127.2 (120.7-133.7)

0.019

Mean diastolic blood pressure, mmHg (95 % CI)

77.7 (76.8-78.5)

79.8 (76.0-83.5)

0.294

77.9 (76.8-78.9)

81.5 (70.4-92.6)

0.511

77.6 (76.8-78.4)

80.3 (76.8-83.8)

0.164

Any hypertension, n; % (95 % CI)

89; 23.4 (19.7-27.0)

23; 39.7 (31.9-47.4)

<0.0001

107; 25.0 (21.7-28.3)

5; 45.5 (16.6-74.3)

0.107

90; 23.3 (19.6-27.0)

22; 41.5 (32.7-50.3)

<0.0001

Body mass index ≥ 25, n; % (95 % CI)

200; 52.5 (48.7-56.3)

34; 58.6 (48.1-69.2)

0.196

227; 53.0 (48.8-57.3)

7; 63.6 (39.8-100)

0.526

204; 52.8 (49.3-56.4)

30; 56.6 (46.2-67.0)

0.374

Mean fasting glycemia, g/l (SD)

0.91 (0.87-0.94)

1.02 (0.86-1.18)

0.167

0.91 (0.88-0.95)

1.25 (0.73-1.76)

0.200

0.91 (0.87-0.94)

1.02 (0.85-1.20)

0.191

Any diabetes, n; % (95 % CI)

32; 8.4 (4.7-12.1)

11; 19.0 (8.9-29.0)

0.017

40; 9.3 (6.2-12.5)

3; 27.3 (0.0-0.60)

0.102

32; 8.3 (4.6-12.0)

11; 20.8 (10.3-31.2)

0.008