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Table 3 Trials examining the effects of vitamin E supplementation on outcomes in haemodialysis patients

From: Associations of fish oil and vitamin B and E supplementation with cardiovascular outcomes and mortality in people receiving haemodialysis: a review

Study

Participants

Design

Intervention

Outcomes

Boaz 2000 [31]. Israel

N = 196 with CVD (69 % male); Intervention: n = 97 (65 ± 8 years); Placebo: n = 99 (64 ± 9 years)

RCT, median length 519 days, range 10–763 days

800 IU/day α-tocopherol

Cardiac events: RR 0.54 (95 % CI 0.33–0.89); MI: RR 0.45 (95 % CI 0.20–0.99); no effect on risk of cardiovascular or all-cause mortality

Smith 2003 [29]. USA

N = 11 (55 % male, mean 64 years, range 42–81 year)

2-month intervention trial

400 IU/day α-tocopherol

↑ α-tocopherol, metabolites of α- and γ-tocopherol, post-dialysis haematocrit; ↓ γ-tocopherol; no change: markers of inflammation

Himmelfarb 2007 [27]. USA

N = 63 (63 % male); Intervention: n = 31 (58 ± 2 years); Placebo: n = 32 (61 ± 2 years)

8-week RCT

Daily: 800 mg DHA, and tocopherols (γ 308 mg, α 13 mg, β 11 mg, δ 11 mg)

↑ erythrocyte DHA; ↓ IL-6, WCC, neutrophils; No change: CRP, F2-isoprostanes, protein carbonyls

Lu 2007 [28]. USA

N = 27 (44 % male); Intervention: n = 13 (31–72 years); Placebo: n = 20 (31–86 years)

6-month RCT

800 IU/day α-tocopherol

↑ α-tocopherol; ↓ γ-tocopherol; no change: markers of glycoxidation, lipid peroxidation

Antoniadi 2008 [30]. Greece

N = 47 (49 % male); Intervention: n = 27 (59 ± 14 years); Placebo: n = 20 (60 ± 12 years)

12-month RCT

500 mg/day α-tocopherol

↓ total antioxidant status, erythrocyte SOD activity (antioxidant enzyme)

  1. Abbreviations: CI Confidence interval, CRP C-reactive protein, CVD cardiovascular disease, DHA Docosahexaenoic acid, IL-6 Interleukin-6, IU International units, MI Myocardial infarction, RCT Randomised controlled trial, RR Relative risk, SOD Superoxide dismutase, WCC White cell count