Study | Participants | Design | Intervention | Outcomes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Boaz 2000 [31]. Israel | N = 196 with CVD (69 % male); Intervention: n = 97 (65 ± 8 years); Placebo: n = 99 (64 ± 9 years) | RCT, median length 519 days, range 10–763 days | 800 IU/day α-tocopherol | Cardiac events: RR 0.54 (95 % CI 0.33–0.89); MI: RR 0.45 (95 % CI 0.20–0.99); no effect on risk of cardiovascular or all-cause mortality |
Smith 2003 [29]. USA | N = 11 (55 % male, mean 64 years, range 42–81 year) | 2-month intervention trial | 400 IU/day α-tocopherol | ↑ α-tocopherol, metabolites of α- and γ-tocopherol, post-dialysis haematocrit; ↓ γ-tocopherol; no change: markers of inflammation |
Himmelfarb 2007 [27]. USA | N = 63 (63 % male); Intervention: n = 31 (58 ± 2 years); Placebo: n = 32 (61 ± 2 years) | 8-week RCT | Daily: 800 mg DHA, and tocopherols (γ 308 mg, α 13 mg, β 11 mg, δ 11 mg) | ↑ erythrocyte DHA; ↓ IL-6, WCC, neutrophils; No change: CRP, F2-isoprostanes, protein carbonyls |
Lu 2007 [28]. USA | N = 27 (44 % male); Intervention: n = 13 (31–72 years); Placebo: n = 20 (31–86 years) | 6-month RCT | 800 IU/day α-tocopherol | ↑ α-tocopherol; ↓ γ-tocopherol; no change: markers of glycoxidation, lipid peroxidation |
Antoniadi 2008 [30]. Greece | N = 47 (49 % male); Intervention: n = 27 (59 ± 14 years); Placebo: n = 20 (60 ± 12 years) | 12-month RCT | 500 mg/day α-tocopherol | ↓ total antioxidant status, erythrocyte SOD activity (antioxidant enzyme) |