Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics of participants stratified by hearing impairment

Age (years), ≥65

49.6 ± 15.7

70.2 ± 9.9

<0.001

Sex (male)^a

1914 (41.0)

253 (49.1)

<0.001

BMI (kg/m²)

23.8 ± 3.4

23.6 ± 3.2

0.239

Smoking (current)^a

1845 (38.5)

253 (47.5)

<0.001

Alcohol (≥30 g/day)^a

481 (10.3)

52 (10.1)

0.491

Residence (rural)^a

2397 (51.3)

241 (46.7)

0.442

Education (>college)^a

1505 (32.2)

52 (10.1)

<0.001

Occupation^a

0.411

 Services and others

518 (11.1)

31 (6.0)

 Industry

411 (8.8)

28 (5.5)

 Agriculture and fishery

313 (6.7)

63 (12.4)

Hypertension (yes)^a

682 (14.6)

156 (30.2)

<0.001

Diabetes (yes)^a

439 (9.4)

108 (21.0)

<0.001

Dyslipidemia (yes)^a

715 (15.3)

190 (19.2)

0.046

Thyroid dysfunction (yes)^a

78 (1.6)

17 (3.4)

0.081

HbA1_C

5.8 ± 0.8

6.01 ± 0.9

<0.001

Blood lipid profile

 Total cholesterol

190.3 ± 36.0

189.0 ± 37.5

0.465

 HDL cholesterol

52.0 ± 12.6

48.6 ± 11.9

<0.001

 LDL cholesterol

121.1 ± 34.9

112.8 ± 38.0

0.076

 Triglyceride

130.2 ± 98.4

141.3 ± 123.6

0.062

Urine albumin (ug/ml)

230.2 ± 116.1

392.1 ± 119.8

<0.001

Urine creatinine (mg/dL)

153.5 ± 86.8

122.1 ± 66.3

<0.001

ACR

2.0 ± 1.4

4.1 ± 1.5

<0.001

Microalbuminuria^a

61 (1.3)

15 (2.9)

0.008

Serum creatinine

0.83 ± 0.23

0.89 ± 0.27

<0.001

BUN

14.3 ± 4.3

16.7 ± 5.2

<0.001

eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m²)

91.9 ± 26.4

63.6 ± 19.7

<0.001

eGFR < 60^a

472 (10.1)

243 (47.1)

<0.001

SBP (mmHg)

118.8 ± 16.6

128.6 ± 17.4

<0.001

DBP (mmHg)

75.9 ± 10.4

74.2 ± 10.2

<0.001

Mean hearing level (dB)

13.8 ± 9.7

54.6 ± 14.3

<0.001