Table 5 Demographic and clinical characteristics of patients grouped into 4 proposed clusters using K-means CA
Cluster 1: Average to High | Cluster 2: Very High to High | Cluster 3: Average to Average | Cluster 4: Increasing Costs, High at Both Points | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(n = 113) | (n = 89) | (n = 16,624) | (n = 1554) | |||||
Age (y), mean (SD) | 57.6 (11.6) | 55.5 (14.8) | 63.9 (14.0) | 56.2 (12.8) | ||||
Age (y), n (%) | ||||||||
18-24 | 0 (0.0) | 4 (4.5) | 121 (0.7) | 33 (2.1) | ||||
25-34 | 2 (1.8) | 7 (7.9) | 355 (2.1) | 54 (3.5) | ||||
35-44 | 15 (13.3) | 6 (6.7) | 1026 (6.2) | 156 (10.0) | ||||
45-54 | 24 (21.2) | 19 (21.3) | 2401 (14.4) | 375 (24.1) | ||||
55-64 | 50 (44.2) | 33 (37.1) | 4652 (28.0) | 609 (39.2) | ||||
65+ | 22 (19.5) | 20 (22.5) | 8069 (48.5) | 327 (21.0) | ||||
Sex, n (%) | ||||||||
Male | 66 (58.4) | 48 (53.9) | 9599 (57.7) | 924 (59.5) | ||||
Female | 47 (41.6) | 41 (46.1) | 7025 (42.3) | 630 (40.5) | ||||
Region in the United States, n (%) | ||||||||
Northeast | 12 (10.6) | 12 (13.5) | 1843 (11.1) | 192 (12.4) | ||||
North central | 32 (28.3) | 18 (20.2) | 6084 (36.6) | 444 (28.6) | ||||
South | 38 (33.6) | 39 (43.8) | 6354 (38.2) | 625 (40.2) | ||||
West | 30 (26.5) | 19 (21.3) | 2235 (13.4) | 286 (18.4) | ||||
Unknown | 1 (0.9) | 1 (1.1) | 108 (0.6) | 7 (0.5) | ||||
Health insurance type, n (%) | ||||||||
FFS | 87 (77.0) | 71 (79.8) | 13,967 (84.0) | 1237 (79.6) | ||||
HMO and POS capitation | 20 (17.7) | 17 (19.1) | 2304 (13.9) | 270 (17.4) | ||||
Missing | 6 (5.3) | 1 (1.1) | 353 (2.1) | 4 (3.0) | ||||
Comorbidity Score Indicesa | Pre-HD Period | Post-HD Period | Pre-HD Period | Post-HD Period | Pre-HD Period | Post-HD Period | Pre-HD Period | Post-HD Period |
ECI, mean (SD) | 6.9 (3.4) | 10.8 (3.5) | 9.0 (4.1) | 9.3 (3.7) | 5.7 (2.5) | 6.8 (2.8) | 6.5 (3.0) | 9.5 (3.2) |
CCI, mean (SD) | 5.0 (2.7) | 7.1 (2.4) | 5.6 (3.2) | 6.2 (2.9) | 4.6 (2.2) | 5.1 (2.3) | 5.0 (2.5) | 6.5 (2.7) |