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Table 2 EQ-5D total score by socio-demographic and clinical variables (n = 267)

From: Factors affecting quality of life in patients on haemodialysis: a cross-sectional study from Palestine

Variable

Frequency (%) N = 267

EQ-5D index score

P-value

Mean ± SD

Median [interquartile range]

Age category

    

  < 30

34 (12.7)

0.69 ± 0.28

0.79 [0.47–0.88]

0.001a

 30–60

136 (50.9)

0.44 ± 0.43

0.55 [0.18–0.77]

  > 60

97 (36.3)

0.17 ± 0.40

0.15 [0.13–0.56]

Gender

    

 Male

139 (52.1)

0.46 ± 0.41

0.85 [0.22–0.80]

0.001b

 Female

128 (47.9)

0.28 ± 0.45

0.21 [0.04–0.73]

BMIc

    

 Underweight

24 (9.0)

0.57 ± 0.42

0.69 [0.38–0.86]

0.047a

 Normal

97 (36.3)

0.41 ± 0.42

0.46 [0.10–0.78]

 Overweight

72 (27)

0.36 ± 0.45

0.43 [0.01–0.75]

 Obese

63 (23.6)

0.29 ± 0.43

0.26 [0.03–0.73]

Education

    

 No formal education

40 (15.0)

0.04 ± 0.41

0.06 [−0.21–0.22]

<0.001a

 Primary

71 (26.6)

0.36 ± 0.42

0.32 [0.08–0.74]

 Secondary

102 (38.2)

0.45 ± 0.42

0.55 [0.16–0.79]

 Graduated

54 (20.2)

0.50 ± 0.40

0.67 [0.23–0.84]

Household income (month)

    

 High (more than 1000 JDd)

10 (3.7)

0.34 ± 0.48

0.28 [0.12–0.84]

0.109a

 Moderate (400–1000 JD)

90 (33.7)

0.45 ± 0.43

0.64 [0.15–0.84]

 Low (less than 400 JD)

167 (62.5)

0.33 ± 0.44

0.36 [0.03–0.72]

Residency

   

0.004a

 Palestinian refugee camps

22 (8.2)

0.20 ± 0.39

0.15 [0.02–0.52]

 Village

161 (60.3)

0.44 ± 0.44

0.58 [0.15–0.78]

 City

84 (31.5)

0.29 ± 0.44

0.26 [0.02–0.73]

Living status

    

 Alone

18 (6.7)

0.31 ± 0.37

0.28 [0.10–0.67]

0.347b

 With family

249 (93.3)

0.38 ± 0.44

0.43 [0.07–0.77]

 

Marital status

    

 Single, divorced, widowed

79 (29.6)

0.42 ± 0.44

0.48 [0.12–0.79]

0.171b

 Married

188 (70.4)

0.35 ± 0.44

0.36 [0.07–0.75]

Occupation

    

 Employed

35 (13.1)

0.51 ± 0.38

0.66 [0.21–0.88]

0.041b

 Unemployed

232 (86.9)

0.35 ± 0.44

0.38 [0.06–0.75]

Smoking

    

 Non-smoker

227 (85)

0.36 ± 0.44

0.36 [0.04–0.76]

0.156a

 Light smoker

19 (7.1)

0.49 ± 0.48

0.64 [0.14–0.88]

 Moderate smoker

17 (6.4)

0.53 ± 0.38

0.66 [0.28–0.78]

 Heavy smoker

4 (1.5)

0.15 ± 0.46

0.10 [0.27–0.61]

Dialysis session duration (hours)

    

  < 4 h

198 (74.2)

0.37 ± 0.45

0.41 [0.05–0.77]

0.859b

  ≥ 4 h

69 (25.8)

0.39 ± 0.42

0.41 [0.14–0.73]

Dialysis vintage (years)

    

  < 4

177 (66.3)

0.37 ± 0.44

0.39 [0.08–0.76]

0.806b

  ≥ 4

90 (33.7)

0.38 ± 0.44

0.47 [0.04–0.77]

Transplantation

    

 Yes

26 (9.7)

0.52 ± 0.42

0.66 [0.33–0.84]

0.055b

 No

241 (90.3)

0.36 ± 0.44

0.35 [0.05–0.75]

Total chronic co-morbid diseases

    

 None

26 (9.7)

0.77 ± 0.29

0.81 [0.69–1.00]

<0.001a

 1

62 (23.2)

0.56 ± 0.39

0.69 [0.30–0.84]

 2

63 (23.6)

0.41 ± 0.34

0.38 [0.18–0.73]

  ≥ 3

116 (43.4)

0.16 ± 0.43

0.15 [0.17–0.52]

Chronic medications

    

  < 4 drugs/day

45 (16.9)

0.53 ± 0.37

0.67 [0.22–0.80]

0.010b

  ≥ 4 drugs/day

222 (83.1)

0.34 ± 0.44

0.33 [0.02–0.74]

  1. Abbreviations: EQ-5D European Quality of Life scale 5 dimensions, JD Jordanian Dinar, BMI body mass index
  2. aStatistical significance of differences calculated using the Kruskal-Wallis test
  3. bStatistical significance of differences calculated using the Mann-Whitney U test
  4. cData were missing from 11 patients
  5. d1 Jordanian Dinar (JD) equals 1.41 US Dollar