Risk prediction to inform surveillance of chronic kidney disease in the US Healthcare Safety Net: a cohort study

BMC Nephrology

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of 28,779 patients with moderate or severe chronic kidney disease (stage 3–5) from the healthcare safety net

Characteristics	All	Hypertension	Diabetes mellitus	Chronic viral diseases^a	Severe CKD^b
Characteristics	N = 28,779	n = 13,525	n = 6569	n = 5919	n = 2108
Demographics
Age, years, mean (sd)	60 (14)	62 (12)	60 (12)	54 (13)	58 (16)
Male, %	48	46	47	61	59
Race or ethnicity, %
White	41	34	32	44	36
Black	17	22	22	25	28
Hispanic	12	13	16	11	11
Asian	22	27	26	17	18
Other race or ethnicity	8	3	4	3	6
Additional Comorbidities, %
Cardiovascular disease	28	45	45	32	33
Chronic lung disease	30	37	36	31	31
Substance abuse	23	27	26	45	33
Depression	31	37	38	37	31
Health Insurance Coverage, %
Commercial/employer group	13	10	10	6	8
Medicaid	22	25	26	36	29
Medicare	37	43	41	33	32
Uninsured	29	23	23	25	31
Laboratory Measures ^c
eGFR^d, ml/min/1.73 m ², mean (sd)	49.0 (10.7)	49.0 (10.7)	48.6 (11.0)	48.2 (11.7)	20.1 (7.4)
Dipstick proteinuria
None or trace	62	63	56	57	30
1+	19	18	18	22	24
2+	12	11	14	13	24
≥ 3+	8	8	12	8	23
Cholesterol, mmol/L, mean (sd)	5.1 (1.4)	5.1 (1.3)	5.0 (1.5)	4.7 (1.5)	4.8 (2.1)
Albumin, g/L, mean (sd)	37.8 (6.9)	38.3 (6.9)	37.5 (7.2)	35.9 (8.4)	32.5 (8.9)
Phosphorus, mmol/L, mean (sd)	1.2 (0.4)	1.2 (0.4)	1.2 (0.4)	1.2 (0.4)	1.6 (0.7)
Calcium, mmol/L, mean (sd)	2.3 (0.2)	2.3 (0.2)	2.3 (0.2)	2.2 (0.2)	2.2 (0.3)
Hemoglobin, g/L, mean (sd)	129.3 (20.2)	129.7 (19.1)	127.2 (19.1)	124.2 (23.0)	114.4 (23.4)

Missing values in the full cohort were distributed as follows: dipstick proteinuria, 28.3 %; serum cholesterol, 15.1 %; serum calcium, 5.9 %; serum albumin, 1.9 %; and hemoglobin, 1.8 %. HIV, hepatitis C virus, and/or hepatitis B virus infection
Patients with multiple comorbidities among hypertension, diabetes mellitus, chronic viral diseases and severe CKD are included in each category (i.e., counts for the major comorbid categories listed in the columns above may overlap)
^aHIV, hepatitis C virus, and/or hepatitis B virus infection
^bChronic kidney disease stages 4–5
^cLaboratory values represent serum concentrations unless noted otherwise
^dEstimated glomerular filtration rate

ISSN: 1471-2369