Table 1 Eligibility and Exclusion criteria

• Prevalent HD patient (> three months)

• Aged 18 years or older

• Able and willing to give informed consent

• unable to participate in current exercise programme due to perceived physical or psychological barriers

• unable to undergo MRI scanning (metal implants, severe claustrophobia)

• unfit to undertake exercise according to the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) guidelines