Fig. 2

Estimated DPI in the USA across gender, race, and age accounting for stages of CKD: normalized to protein in g/kgIBW/d, for adults in the USA depicted for (a) sex, (b) race or ethnicity, and (c) age group. No evidence of CKD (No CKD), stage 1 CKD (eGFR, ≥90ml/min with kidney damage), stage 2 CKD (eGFR 60–89ml/min with kidney damage), stage 3 CKD (eGFR 30–59ml/min), or stage 4 CKD (eGFR <30 ml/min without dialysis). Overall FANOVA for each panel, P<0.0001. Per panel, pairwise comparisons with each reference group: *P<0.0001, †P<0.05. Per panel, pairwise comparisons with each subgroup ((a) females at each stage of CKD compared with NoCKD and males at each stage of CKD compared with NoCKD; (b) NH black at each stage of CKD compared with NoCKD, Mexican American or Latino at each stage of CKD compared with NoCKD, and NH white at each stage of CKD compared with NoCKD; (c) 20–54-year-olds at each stage of CKD compared with NoCKD, 55–64-year-olds at each stage of CKD compared with NoCKD, 65–74-year-olds at each stage of CKD compared with NoCKD, and 75+-year-olds at each stage of CKD compared with NoCKD): ‡P<0.0001, §P<0.001, ||P<0.01, ¶P<0.05. Adapted from secondary NHANES data analyses by Moore et al. (with permission) [7]