Table 1 Characteristics of participants

Age, years

59.05 ± 8.48

Male

43 (43.0)

Race, Malay/Chinese/Indian

50/30/20

Weight, kg

73.96 ± 16.94

Height, cm

162.03 ± 8.08

BMI, kg/m²

28.16 ± 5.77

Smokers

19 (19.0)

Diabetes mellitus

76 (76.0)

Hypertension

93 (93.0)

Dyslipidemia

79 (79.0)

 Total cholesterol, mmol/L

4.44 ± 1.37

 Triglyceride, mmol/L

1.81 ± 0.80

 HDL cholesterol, mmol/L

1.20 ± 0.34

 LDL cholesterol, mmol/L

2.44 ± 1.18

CKD, Stage 3A/3B/4

29/40/31

Urea, mmol/L

9.82 ± 3.43

Creatinine, mmol/L

167.62 ± 57.53

eGFR, mls/min/1.73 m²

36.49 ± 12.12

Hemoglobin, g/dL

11.96 ± 1.77

Ca²⁺, mmol/L

2.26 ± 0.11

PO₄^2-, mmol/L

1.25 ± 0.23

PTH, pmol/L

8.01 ± 7.09

25(OH)D, nmol/L

39.83 ± 22.43