Table 2 Characteristics of the study population classified by World Health Organization waist-hip ratio cut-off point

Subjects

432

27.8 %

1123

72.2 %

Male gender

142

32.9 %

618

55.0 %

<0.001

Age

58.1

54.1–61.2

58.8

55.0–61.6

0.01

Waist-hip-ratio

0.824

0.046

0.941

0.055

Waist circumference (cm)

83.5

7.6

99.3

9.7

<0.001

Body Mass Index (kg/m²)

24.6

3.0

28.3

3.8

<0.001

Height (cm)

168.9

8.5

171.3

8.8

<0.001

Weight (kg)

70.2

10.8

83.1

13.8

<0.001

Daily smokers

89

20.6 %

222

19.8 %

0.71

Daytime ambulatory systolic BP (mmHg)

126.1

12.6

131.5

13.0

<0.001

Daytime ambulatory diastolic BP (mmHg)

79.9

8.6

82.9

8.6

<0.001

Nighttime ambulatory systolic BP (mmHg)

108.5

12.2

111.9

12.2

<0.001

Nighttime ambulatory diastolic BP (mmHg)

64.9

8.6

67.0

8.4

<0.001

Office systolic BP (mmHg)

123.3

17.1

131.8

17.1

<0.001

Office diastolic BP (mmHg)

79.9

10.0

84.7

9.3

<0.001

Hypertension^c

95

22.0 %

437

38.9 %

<0.001

ACE-inhibitor use

6

1.3 %

22

2.0 %

0.45

Angiotensin II-receptor blocker use

13

3.0 %

116

10.3 %

<0.001

Calcium-channel blocker use

7

1.6 %

71

6.3 %

<0.001

Beta-blocker use

7

1.6 %

60

5.3 %

0.001

Diuretica use

17

3.9 %

119

10.6 %

<0.001

Other anti-hypertensive medicine use

0

-

1

<0.1 %

0.54

Fasting glucose (mmol/L)

5.13

0.44

5.39

0.48

<0.001

Fasting insulin (mIU/L)

6.50

4.37–8.69

9.47

6.90–13.65

<0.001

HOMA-IR

1.47

0.98–2.01

2.30

1.60–3.37

<0.001

HbA1c (%)

5.46

0.30

5.57

0.34

<0.001

Cholesterol (mmol/L)

5.53

0.89

5.67

0.96

0.008

LDL cholesterol (mmol/L)

3.45

0.83

3.73

0.86

<0.001

HDL cholesterol (mmol/L)

1.75

0.44

1.45

0.39

<0.001

Triglycerides (mmol/L)

0.8

0.6–1.1

1.1

0.8–1.6

<0.001

Cholesterol-lowering drug use

21

4.9 %

79

7.0 %

0.12

Absolute GFR (ml/min)

93.8

16.0

104.0

20.4

<0.001

GFR (ml/min/1.73 m²)

90.1

13.0

92.0

14.8

0.02

RHFHeight

19

4.4 %

137

12.2 %

<0.001

RHFWeight/height

30

6.9 %

123

11.0 %

0.02