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Fig. 1 | BMC Nephrology

Fig. 1

From: Tryptophan metabolism, its relation to inflammation and stress markers and association with psychological and cognitive functioning: Tasmanian Chronic Kidney Disease pilot study

Fig. 1

A schematic diagram of Tryptophan metabolism, including box plots of quantified metabolites. Metabolites are in squares, enzymes in circles (yellow affected by cytokines, pink by cortisol), double-tip arrow indicates multi-step metabolism, Green arrow and metabolite are produced only by gut microflora. Box plots depict mean levels ± s.d (μM) grouped by kidney function, from left to right: blue, 15 ≤ eGFR ≤ 36 (CKD stage 3b-4, n = 13); red, eGFR < 15 (CKD stage 5, non-dialysis); grey, Haemodialysis patients (CKD stage 5). For each metabolite, a horizontal line under a pair of box plots indicates a non-significant difference in mean values (Welsh’s one-way ANOVA with Games-Howell post-hoc test, P > 0.05). Abbreviations: ACSAD, 2-amino-3-carboxymuconate semialdehyde; ALDH, aldehyde dehydrogenase; Anth A, anthranilic acid; CKD, chronic kidney disease; DDC, aromatic amino acid decarboxylase; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; IAA, indole-3-acetic acid; IDO, indoleamine-(2,3)-dioxygenase; IFNγ, interferon-γ; KAT, kynurenine aminotransferase; KMO, kynurenine 3-monooxygenase; KYN, kynurenine; KYNA, kynurenic acid; KYNU, Kynureninase ; MAO, monoamine oxidase ; NAD+, Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide; N-F, N-formyl; PicoA, picolinic acid; QuinaA, quinaldic acid; QuinoA, quinolinic acid; SULT, sulfotransferase; TDO, tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase; TPH, tryptophan hydroxylase; UGT, UDP glucuronosyltransferase; XanthA, xanthurenic acid

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