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Table 1 Clinical and biochemical characteristics of 261 prevalent hemodialysis patients, grouped according to BMI and ghrelin levelsa

From: Interaction between acyl-ghrelin and BMI predicts clinical outcomes in hemodialysis patients

 

Low BMI (n = 131)

High BMI (n = 130)

 

Low AG (n = 51)

High AG (n = 80)

Low AG (n = 78)

High AG (n = 52)

MANOVAb

Clinical characteristics

 Age (years)

70.4 ± 14.8

67.9 ± 16.5

67.5 ± 10.9

69.8 ± 11.5

NS

 Gender (men/women)c

80.4/19.6

60.3/39.7

57.5/42.5

50.0/50.0

B, B x AG

 Log vintage (months)

1.26 ± 0.41

1.36 ± 0.40

1.19 ± 0.31

1.32 ± 0.35

NS

 DM (yes)c

54.9

43.6

80.0

53.8

B, B x AG

 Log comorbidity index

0.56 ± 0.33

0.55 ± 0.34

0.54 ± 0.34

0.47 ± 0.34

NS

 Systolic BP (mm Hg)

142.0 ± 21.2

135.4 ± 27.8

140.6 ± 26.8

167.5 ± 87.2

NS

 Diastolic BP (mm Hg)

65.0 ± 13.8

65.9 ± 13.8

66.5 ± 13.6

66.6 ± 12.9

NS

 Kt/V

1.30 ± 0.25

1.44 ± 0.30

1.24 ± 0.31

1.32 ± 0.32

B, AG

 Smoking (yes)c

19.6

20.5

6.3

9.6

B

 Log handgrip strength (kg)

1.23 ± 0.31

1.21 ± 0.41

1.24 ± 0.35

1.20 ± 0.30

NS

 Appetite (diminished)c

43.1

49.4

37.5

48.1

NS

Dietary intake

 DEI (kcal/kg/d)

23.9 ± 6.7

22.7 ± 6.0

24.2 ± 6.9

23.1 ± 4.9

NS

 DPI (g/kg/d)

1.05 ± 0.31

1.02 ± 0.34

1.12 ± 0.32

1.11 ± 0.27

NS

 nPNA (g/kg/d)

0.99 ± 0.27

1.03 ± 0.26

1.02 ± 0.22

1.07 ± 0.24

NS

Blood analysis

 Albumin (g/L)

37.9 ± 3.2

36.7 ± 4.4

38.1 ± 2.9

38.6 ± 3.5

B

 Transferrin (mg/dl)

164.2 ± 26.4

169.5 ± 41.9

171.6 ± 25.7

168.7 ± 26.0

NS

 Creatinine (mg/dl)

7.07 ± 2.0

6. 93 ± 2.02

7.39 ± 2.40

8.20 ± 2.02

B

 Cholesterol (mg/dl)

148.0 ± 37.5

142.5 ± 31.0

143.5 ± 36.0

157.4 ± 39.1

B x AG

 Triglycerides (mg/dl)

135.5 (93.0–167.0)

103.0 (82.0–140.3)

151.0 (107.5–238.0)

151.5 (113.5-194.8)

B, AG

 Uric acid (mg/dl)

5.27 ± 0.86

5.52 ± 1.02

6.00 ± 1.20

6.23 ± 1.31

B

 Hemoglobin (g/dl)

11.3 ± 1.2

10.9 ± 1.4

11.1 ± 1.1

10.8 ± 1.1

NS

 Log TNF-α (pg/ml)

1.35 ± 0.42

1.35 ± 0.41

1.38 ± 0.39

1.35 ± 0.32

NS

 Log CRP (mg/L)

0.76 ± 0.39

0.71 ± 0.47

0.80 ± 0.53

0.72 ± 0.59

NS

 Log IL-6 (pg/ml)

0.97 ± 0.45

0.95 ± 0.53

1.01 ± 0.31

0.92 ± 0.37

NS

Anthropometric measurements

 TSF (mm)

12.6 ± 4.4

12.3 ± 4.3

18.7 ± 6.6

18.5 ± 6.1

B

 MAC (cm)

25.5 ± 2.9

25.4 ± 3.0

30.6 ± 3.4

30.4 ± 3.6

B

 MAMC (cm)

21.6 ± 2.5

21.7 ± 2.7

24.6 ± 2.9

24.4 ± 4.2

B

 WC (cm)

94.1 ± 8.9

93.1 ± 11.7

115.7 ± 12.0

113.0 ± 10.5

B

 W/H

0.99 ± 0.07

0.97 ± 0.10

1.05 ± 0.08

1.04 ± 0.08

B

Bioimpedance analysis

 ECW/TBW

0.37 ± 0.04

0.37 ± 0.07

0.42 ± 0.05

0.40 ± 0.05

B

 FM (kg)

17.2 ± 5.3

16.7 ± 6.9

33. 8 ± 11.5

31.2 ± 8.3

B

 LBM (kg)

45.7 ± 7.8

45.2 ± 9.1

54.1 ± 10.8

51.0 ± 9.8

B

 Phase angle ( o )

4.3 ± 1.0

4.6 ± 1.5

4.9 ± 1.4

4.8 ± 1.1

B

Nutritional scores

 MIS

7.28 ± 3.06

7.88 ± 3.99

5.21 ± 2.91

5.53 ± 2.95

B

 GNRI

100.8 ± 7.4

98.6 ± 9.1

117.9 ± 9.0

115.2 ± 9.1

B, AG

  1. Abbreviations: AG Acyl-ghrelin, TNF-α Tumor necrosis factor α, DM Diabetes mellitus, BP Blood pressure, nPNA Normalized protein nitrogen appearance, IL-6 Interleukin-6, BMI Body mass index, WC Waist circumference, W/H Waist to hip ratio, ECW/TBW Extra-cellular water to total body water ratio, FM Fat mass, LBM Lean body mass, MIS Malnutrition-inflammation score, GNRI Geriatric nutritional risk index
  2. aThe low BMI or AG group was defined as BMI <26. 8 kg/m2 or Gh < 128.5 pg/ml - values below the medians of distribution
  3. bTwo-factor MANOVA. Significant (P < 0.05) effects are given for BMI (B), acyl-ghrelin (AG), and the interaction BMI with acyl-ghrelin (B x AG)
  4. Continuous variables that did not follow a normal distribution (dialysis vintage, co-morbidity index, handgrip strength, TNF-α, CRP, IL-6) were log-transformed before their insertion into this model
  5. cAssessed by χ2 test