Table 3 Characteristics of studies reporting circuit life parameters associated with filter life
Study Name | Patients/Filters | Design | Description | Inclusion Criteria | Exclusion Criteria | Intervention/Comparison | Control |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Martin et al., 1994 [95] | 255 patients/1306 filters | Retrospective Cohort | Stratified anticoagulation and filter function | CRRT | Â | Polyacrylonitrile (AN69) Membrane | Polyamide (FH66) Membrane |
Baldwin et al. 1996* [40] | 12 patients/38 filters | Randomised Cross Over | Membrane Type Comparison | N/A | N/A | Hollow Fiber Membrane | Flat Plate Membrane |
Baldwin et al. 1996 (2)* [55] | 14 patients/54 filters | Randomised Cross Over | Regional anti-coagulation with one or two heparin sites | N/A | N/A | Single Site Heparin Delivery | Double Site Heparin Delivery |
Leslie et al., 1996 [56] | 18 patients/105 | Randomised Cross Over | Compare circuit heparin delivery site in CVVHD | CRRT | thrombocytopenia, anticoagulation indication, haemorrhage, coagulopathy | Access Line Heparin Delivery | Pre-Filter Heparin Delivery |
Reeves et al. 1997 [58] | 40 patients/91 filters | RCT - Unblinded | Circuit priming with heparin or albumin plus heparin on filter life | AKI requiring CRRT | Coagulopathy, DIC, HITS, albumin hypersensitivity | Albumin Prime | Saline Prime |
Ramesh Prasad et al., 2000 [53] | 34 patients/130 filters | RCT - Unblinded | Comparison of high blood flow with frequent saline flushes vs low blood flow and hourly flushes on filter life | Qb 200-250Â ml/min & 30Â min flush | Qb 125Â ml/min & 60Â min flush | ||
Uchino et al., 2003 [96] | 48 patients/309 filters | Prospective Observational | Pre vs Post Dilution CVVH on Filter Life | 2/2001 to 7/2002. All CRRT surviving >24Â hours | Pre-dilution CVVH | Post Dilution CVVH | |
Rickard et al. 2004 [59] | 51 patients/60 filters | RCT - Unblinded | CRRT Fluid warmer or not on patient hypothermia | >18 yrs., baseline temperature 36–39.5 degrees C | malignant hyperthermia, other external warming/cooling, burns | Fluid Warmer | No Fluid Warmer |
Egi et al., 2005 [97] | 63 patients/246 filters | Prospective Observational | Filter patency differing blood flow, CVVH and citrate dose | CRRT requirement, short filter life with heparin, high risk bleeding | Hepatic failure/hepatitis | CVVH Qb:150Â ml/min Citrate 14Â mmol/L, iCa 1.0-1.2 | CVVH Qb:200Â ml/min Citrate 11Â mmol/L, iCa 1.1-1.3 |
van der Voort et al., 2005 [49] | 16 patients/32 Filters | Randomised Cross-Over | Pre vs Post Dilution CVVH on Filter Life | Mechanical ventilation, AKI, no prior CRRT | specific CVVH mode, active bleeding, planned surgery | CVVH Predilution | CVVH Post-Dilution |
de Pont et al. 2006 [48] | 8 patients/15 filters | Randomised Cross Over | Pre-dilution vs Post-dilution | CRRT indication | recent bleeding, time limits on last exposure to aspirin, UFH, LMWH, coagulopathy | CVVH Pre-dilution & Qb 140Â ml/min | CVVH Post-Dilution & Qb 200Â ml/min |
Pichaiwong et al. 2006 [42] | 17 patients/17 filters | Prospective Observational | Comparison of two haemofilters performance and biocompatibility | AKI, CVVH | Â | Cellulose Sureflex150E | Synthetic Polysulfone AV-400 |
Ricci et al., 2006 [47] | 15 patients / 30 filters | Prospective Observational | Convective vs Diffusive Solute Clearance | AKI, CRRT | Â | CVVH | CVVHD |
Davies et al. 2008 [46] | 31 patients/31 circuits | Randomised Cross Over | CRRT Mode Comparison | >18, CRRT | Contraindication to heparin, thrombocytopenia | CVVH | CVVHDF |
Kim et al. 2010 [63] | 30 patients/140 filters | Retrospective Cohort | Circuit clotting due to mechanical failure | CRRT with femoral access | Â | Mechanical Failure | Non-Mechanical Failure |
Nagarik et al., 2010 [61] | 65 patients/65 filters | Prospective Observational | Comparing heparin with saline circuit flushes | AKI requiring CRRT | Â | Saline Circuit Flushes | Heparin Infusion |
Kim et al. 2011 [37] | 50 patients/341 circuits | Prospective Observational | Insertion side, body position and circuit life | CRRT with femoral access | Â | CRRT Mode (CVVH) | CVVHDF |
Nurmohamed et al., 2011 [98] | 63 patients/243 filters | Retrospective Cohort | Predilution vs Postdilution CRRT | AKI requiring CRRT, 11/2004 to 12/2006 | Single filter < 12 hours duration | CVVH Predilution | CVVH Post-dilution |
Panphanphoet et al., 2011 [62] | 121 patients/121 filters | Retrospective Cohort | Saline flush to prevent filter failure | AKI requiring CRRT 1/2004 to 12/2006 | Saline Flushing | No Saline Flushing | |
Baldwin et al. 2012 [57] | 38 patients/80 filters | Prospective Pre-Post Cohort | Horizontal vs Vertical Bubble Trap orientation | N/A | N/A | Horizontal Bubble Trap | Vertical Bubble Trap |
Chua et al., 2012 [50] | 71 patients/539 filters | Retrospective Cohort | Circuit Life in Hepatic Failure with AKI | Age > 18 years, Hepatic Failure, AKI, January 2006 to July 2011 | N/A | Multivariate Analysis | Controlling for other variables |
Eastwood et al., 2012 [54] | 21 patients/41 filters | Prospective Observational | Haemodynamic impact of slower pump speed | Convenience sample, age > 18, CRRT requirement, weekdays only | N/A | Slow initial pump speed | Normal initial pump speed |
Schetz et al. 2012 [43] | 39 patients/151 filters | RCT - Blinded | AN69 ST (surface treated) Haemofilter vs non-ST Haemofilter | CRRT, 30Â kg - 120Â kg | HIT, pregnancy, indication for systemic anticoagulation, poor short term prognosis | AN69ST Membrane (Surface Treated) | AN69 Membrane |
Hwang et al., 2013 [60] | 222 patients/1236 filters | Retrospective Cohort | Nefamostat vs Heparin | CRRT treated patients 1/2004 to 12/2008 | deceased within first filter use, paraquat poisoning | APTT (sec) | Controlling for other variables |
Morabito et al., 2013 [99] | 40 patients/240 | Prospective Observational | RCA-CVVHDF vs baseline RCA-CVVH | CRRT > 72 hrs, AKI post cardiac surgery, 5/2012 to 12/2012 | Contra-indication to citrate | CVVH Prismocitrate 10/2 + Prismasol | CVVHDF Prismocitrate 18 + Phoxilium |
Mottes et al., 2013 [38] | 80 patients/343 filters | Prospective Observational | Process Control Analysis through changing model of care and education | CRRT 7/2007 to 7/2010 | N/A | ICU Nurse CRRT and simulation | Nephrology nurse run CRRT |
Bonassin et al., 2014 [45] | 53 patients/66 filters | Retrospective Cohort | Membrane Area/Size Comparison | Consecutive CRRT 11/2007 to 6/2009 | N/A | Filter AV 1000S | Filter AV 600S |
Dunn & Sriram, 2014 [23] | 355 patients/1332 | Prospective Observational | Patient and Treatment Variables on Filter Life | CRRT 1/2008 to 8/2011 | N/A | Multivariate Analysis | Controlling for other variables |
Fu et al., 2014 [41] | 425 patients/unclear | Prospective Observational | Prognostic model of circuit life | 1/2011 to 2/2013, CRRT, age > 18, CRRT > 24 hrs, available blood analysis | <72 hr post cardiac surgery, ECMO Rx | Multiple Regression |  |
Page et al., 2014 [100] | 152 patients/401 filters | Retrospective Cohort | System change with citrate, education | CRRT usage 1/2009 to 12/2012 |  | Citrate + Education + Survival Plan + Lower Dose + CVVHD | Heparin + CVVH |
Wang et al. 2014 [36] | 34 patients/126 filters | Prospective Observational | Effect of mobilisation on filter life | CRRT, 8/2011 to 8/2012, temporary vascular access | permanent vascular access, SLED | Mobilisation | Baseline |
Choi et al., 2015 [30] | 60 patients/101 filters | RCT - Unblinded | Nafamostat vs No Anticoagulation | CRRT, High bleeding risk | Pregnancy, Allergy to nafamostat, Hypercoagulable states | Nafamostat | No Anticoagulation |
Yin et al. 2015 [44] | 17 patients/68 filters | RCT - Blinded | Comparison of two haemofilter membranes | Age > 16 yrs., weight 30-120 kg |  | AN69 ST100 | AN69 M100 |
Ede & Dale, 2016 [101] | 78 patients/118 filters | Retrospective Pre-Post Cohort | CRRT Effectiveness and Circuit Life between CVVH and CVVHDF | All CRRT pre/post 9/2012, age > 18, | N/A | CVVHDF | CVVH |