Table 2 Primary Causes of Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) in patients with any stage of AKI, stage 1 or 2 AKI, and stage 3 AKI

Sepsis and hypoperfusion

133 (86 · 9%)

55 (91 · 7%)

78 (83 · 9%)

 GE^a

29 (19 · 0%)

12 (20 · 0%)

17 (18 · 3%)

 TB

18 (11 · 8%)

5 (8 · 3%)

13 (14 · 0%)

 Heart failure

16 (10 · 5%)

10 (16 · 7%)

6 (6 · 5%)

 Malaria

12 (7 · 8%)

4 (6 · 7%)

8 (8 · 6%)

 Dehydration of other cause

12 (7 · 8%)

6 (10 · 0%)

6 (6 · 5%)

 LRTI

10 (6 · 5%)

6 (10 · 0%)

4 (4 · 3%)

 Sepsis of unclear source

9 (5 · 9%)

2 (3 · 3%)

7 (7 · 5%)

 Liver Failure

8 (5 · 2%)

3 (5 · 0%)

5 (5 · 4%)

 Meningitis

7 (4 · 6%)

4 (6 · 7%)

3 (3 · 2%)

 Sepsis of other known source

4 (2 · 6%)

1 (1 · 7%)

3 (3 · 2%)

 UTI

1 (0 · 7%)

0 (0 · 0%)

1 (1 · 1%)

 Other

7 (4 · 6%)

2 (3 · 3%)

5 (5 · 4%)

Toxin (as primary cause)

5 (3 · 3%)

3 (5 · 0%)

2 (2 · 1%)

 NSAID

4 (2 · 6%)

3 (5 · 0%)

1 (1 · 1%)

 ACEi or ARB

1 (0 · 7%)

0 (0 · 0%)

1 (1 · 1%)

Urinary tract Obstruction

7 (4 · 6%)

1 (1 · 6%)

6 (6 · 5%)

 Prostate disease

2 (1 · 3%)

0 (0 · 0%)

2 (2 · 2%)

 Cervical malignancy

1 (0 · 7%)

0 (0 · 0%)

1 (1 · 1%)

 Bladder Malignancy

1 (0 · 7%)

0 (0 · 0%)

1 (1 · 1%)

 Unclear/other

3 (2 · 0%)

1 (1 · 7%)

2 (2 · 2%)

Parenchymal Kidney disease

4 (2 · 6%)

0 (0 · 0%)

4 (4 · 3%)

 Acute GN

3 (2 · 0%)

0 (0 · 0%)

3 (3 · 3%)

 TIN (presumed)

1 (0 · 7%)

0 (0 · 0%)

1 (1 · 1%)

Unclear

4 (2 · 6%)

1 (1 · 7%)

3 (3 · 2%)