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Table 3 Determinants of inpatient costs and use of surgical interventions among Taiwanese CKD decedents dying in hospitals, 2002–2012 (N = 65,124)a

From: Costs of care at the end of life among elderly patients with chronic kidney disease: patterns and predictors in a nationwide cohort study

Characteristics

End-of-life Inpatient Costs

Surgical Interventions

Exponentiated Coefficients

95% Confidence Interval

Odds Ratios

95% Confidence Interval

Patient

Age at death (in tens, '0)

0.97***

(0.95–0.98)

0.88***

(0.86–0.90)

Sex (=female)

1.03*

(1.00–1.05)

1.10***

(1.07–1.14)

ESRD

1.29***

(1.24–1.33)

1.33***

(1.25–1.42)

Insurable monthly earnings (=average and above)

0.87***

(0.84–0.90)

0.94**

(0.90–0.99)

Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI)

0.97***

(0.96–0.98)

0.93***

(0.91–0.94)

Physician

Physician age (in tens, '0)

0.94***

(0.91–0.97)

0.86***

(0.81–0.91)

Physician sex (=female)

0.94

(0.87–1.02)

0.91

(0.82–1.01)

Specialty of primary attending physician

 Nephrologist

0.74***

(0.70–0.78)

1.37***

(1.26–1.49)

 Family medicine

0.62***

(0.55–0.71)

0.60***

(0.48–0.75)

 Surgeon

1.11*

(1.02–1.21)

3.56***

(3.20–3.97)

Facility

Primary hospital- accreditation level

 Medical Centers

1.59***

(1.41–1.80)

1.88***

(1.65–2.15)

 Regional Hospitals

1.17**

(1.06–1.28)

1.40***

(1.24–1.59)

 Local Hospitals (Ref.)

-

-

-

-

Primary hospital- ownership (=private)

1.06

(0.98–1.14)

1.06

(0.96–1.16)

Teaching hospital

0.96

(0.85–1.08)

1.43***

(1.22–1.69)

Region

Number of hospital in the region (in tens, '0)

1.02

(0.98–1.06)

1.02

(0.98–1.07)

Number of beds in the region (in hundreds, '00)

1.00

(1.00–1.00)

1.00

(1.00–1.00)

Time Trend

Overall time trend (Year)

1.04***

(1.02–1.05)

1.02

(1.00–1.05)

Difference in trend post 2009 (=Year-2009, for year ≥ 2009)

0.91***

(0.89–0.93)

0.91***

(0.87–0.96)

  1. Standard errors are clustered at the hospital level
  2. *** p < 0.001, ** p < 0.01, * p < 0.05
  3. a. Estimates are adjusted for regional fixed effects by including regional dummies