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Table 1 Biochemical and clinical characteristics of control group and CKD patients

From: Indoxyl sulfate – the uremic toxin linking hemostatic system disturbances with the prevalence of cardiovascular disease in patients with chronic kidney disease

Parameter

Controls n = 18

CKD n = 51

P value

Sex M/F

7/11

20/31

NS

Age, years

47.4 ± 6.18

53.3 ± 15.5

NS

BMI, kg/m2

25.83 ± 3.45

24.2 ± 3.55

NS

eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2

117.0 (105.0 – 125.0)

20.6 (5.6 - 127)

0.0001

Creatinine, mg/dL

0.88 (0.34 – 1.18)

3.32 (0.78 – 9.33)

0.0001

Urea, mg/dL

30.03 ± 6.05

118 ± 53.1

0.0001

hs-CRP, μg/ml

0.42 (0.01 – 9.25)

3.38 (0.01 - 94)

0.0079

Neopterin, nmol/L

5.93 (0.41 – 12.9)

32 (5 – 150)

0.0001

Cu/Zn SOD, ng/ml

51 (6 – 78)

62 (30 – 262)

0.0372

H2O2, μM

55.2 (2.33 – 434)

243 (60.7 – 624)

0.0012

Glucose, mmol/L

92.1 (67–114)

90 (45–186)

NS

Total cholesterol, mg/dL

192 (143–248)

199 (106–485)

NS

Triglycerides, mg/dL

67 (38–149)

152 (61–620)

0.0001

Total protein, g/dL

6.36 (6.08 – 7.1)

6 (3.2 – 7.8)

0.0261

Albumin, g/dL

4.43 (4.11 – 4.98)

3.3 (0.9 – 8.9)

0.0001

Red blood cells, ×103 μL

4.55 ± 0.31

3.59 ± 0.69

0.0001

White blood cells, ×103 μL

5.77 ± 1.09

6.38 ± 1.98

NS

Lymphocytes, %

33.1 ± 5.38

27 ± 9.85

0.0107

Platelets, ×103 μL

206 (132.0 – 310.0)

184 (76–482)

NS

Neutrophils, %

59.19 ± 6.424

59.4 ± 13.1

NS

Hemoglobin, g/dL

14.18 ± 1.3

11.1 ± 2.31

0.0001

Hematocrit, %

42 ± 3.1

33.2 ± 6.15

0.0001

Bilirubin, mg/dL

0.34 ± 0.13

0.48 ± 0.22

0.0157

ALT, U/L

34.5 (16 – 53)

28 (10–130)

NS

Smokers, %

20.00

22.65

NS

 

Pharmacotherapy (%)

  

Cardiovascular Disease (CVD)

45.28

ACE-inhibitors

49.00

Ca2+ blockers

56.50

β-blockers

41.50

α-blockers

7.50

Nitrates

5.50

ARBs

4.00

  1. Data are shown as mean ± SD or median (range) depending on their normal or skewed distribution
  2. Abbreviations: Sex M male, Sex F female, BMI body mass index, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, hs-CRP high sensitivity C-reactive protein, Cu/Zn SOD superoxide dismutase 1, H 2 O 2 hydrogen peroxide, ALT alanine transaminase, ACE-inhibitors angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor, ARBs angiotensin receptor blockers, CKD chronic kidney disease, NS non-significant